Final Exam Guide- Semester 2

Nervous, Cranial Nerves, Endocrine, Respiratory, Cardiac

Resting membrane potential should be at __________ (including unit of measurement)

Resting membrane potential should be at __________ (including unit of measurement)

-70mV

Which is not a nerve plexus?

A. Thoracic

B. Cervical

C. Brachial

D. Lumbosacral

A. Thoracic

True or False: Sensory is Efferent; Motor is Afferent

B. False

Which of the following supply blood to the brain? (select all that apply)

A. Jugular vein

B. Circle of Willis

C. Brachial Plexus

D. Internal Carotid Artery

B. Circle of Willis

D. Internal Carotid Arteries

The _________ lobe is responsible for hearing.

temporal

True or False: The sympathetic nervous system is the “rest-and-digest” branch.

False

What would stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to a person’s heart rate?

It would decrease the person’s heart rate.

Neurons degenerate in the substantia nigra which produces the neurotransmitter dopamine and can lead to motor problems.

Parkinson’s Disease

Influx of Na+

Depolarization

Which is not one of the meninges?

A. Subarachnoid mater

B. Dura mater

C. Pia mater

D. Arachnoid mater

A. Subarachnoid mater

The structure that connects the two hemispheres ___________.

corpus callosum

Change in the membrane potential which then travels down the excitable cell membrane as an impulse. This is called _______.

action potential

Transports the sodium ions out of the cell and the potassium ions in the cell?

Na+/K+ pump

True or False: Gaps in the axon between the Schwann cells are called Axon Hillocks.

False

True or False: White matter contains mylinated structures.

True

Respond to mechanical tissue damage, pain, extreme temperatures,

Nociceptors

Visceral pain that is felt as if it was coming from a different part of the body is called ____________.

referred pain

Receptors associated with changes in stress or tension in muscles, tendons, and joints are called.

proprioceptors

True or False: Our sense of smell provides 90% of our sense of taste.

False

True or False: Touch is a special sense.

False

How many sections of the ear are there ___?

3

Prevents damage during loud sounds.

Tympanic Reflex

Produces color vision in bright light, and sharp images and are cells with blunt projections ________.

cones

Loss of ability to read and see close objects clearly, occurs with age, due to the loss of elasticity of the lens.

Presbyopia

True or False: Anosmia is the loss of the sense of vision

False

Which lobe is responsible for vision ___________.

occipital

Connects the Cranial Nervous System to other parts of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Which of the following make up the brainstem?

A. Infundibulum

B. Midbrain

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Pons

B, C, D

True or False: The Duodenum is responsible for maintaining posture and coordinating skeletal muscle activity.

False

Area of skin that is innervated by sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve is called a ___________.

dermatome

Fight-or-flight hormones come from where?

Adrenal glands

Releasing hormones come from which of the following?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Anterior pituitary gland

C.Posterior pituitary gland

D.Hypothalamus

D.

True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion would increase if an individual has spent three days in the desert without food or water.

True

Which gland is responsible for production of melatonin?

Pineal gland

Which gland is responsible for secretion of hormones responsible for calcium reabsorption?

Parathyroid gland

True or False: Prolactin stimulates breast milk production

True

Which of the following are thyroid hormones?

A. Thyrocine

B. Calcitonin

C. Thyrotropin

D. Triiodothyronine

A, B, D

Which cell type produces and secretes glucagon?

Alpha

Which of the following is caused by oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) during adulthood, after epiphyseal plate of ossification?

Acromegaly

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) does the following?

Increases blood pressure

Which hormone is the only time we will see the use of positive feedback control _____________.

Oxytocin

Normal blood glucose is ____________.

70-100 mL/L

Secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Ovaries

True or False: The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces hormones.

False

True or False: The endocrine system is precise, in that only post synaptic cells respond to a specific hormone

False

Which gland also aids in digestion _____________.

pancreas

May result in muscle cramps and/or seizures and can be treated with Vitamin D

Hypoparathyroidism

Plays a vital role in the immune system

Thalamus

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can cause this and commonly recognized by exopthalmia

Graves Disease

Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH) actions are?

Growth and development of ovarian follicles; maturation of sperm

Slower acting hormones where receptors are found in the cytoplasm or the nucleus

Steroid or Steroid like hormones

Describe how the endocrine system works like a thermostat

hormones stop secretion when normal levels are reached like set temp on a thermostat

List two ways Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes differ.

1: Type 1 diabetes is when the body doesn’t produce insulin, while Type 2 diabetes is when the receptors don’t allow the insulin to work.

2: Type 2 affects usually overweight adults, while Type 1 affects usually children.

The trochlear nerve is cranial nerve number ________.

IV

Which is not a division of the trigeminal nerve?

a. Cochlear

b. Mandibular

c. Maxillary

d. Opthalamic

a. Cochlear

The Optic nerve is responsible for what?

Vision

What cranial nerve is cranial nerve number VIII?

Vestibulocochlear

The cranial and spinal branch can be found as part of the ____________ cranial nerve.

accessory

The Vestibulocochlear nerve has two functions. Name one.

equilibrium

Cranial nerve number X is the ___________ nerve.

vagus

Cranial nerve number I is the

olfactory

The oculomotor nerve is responsible for

eye movement

Abducens is cranial nerve number

VI

What organs make up part of the upper respiratory tract?

A. Nasal Cavity

B. Pharynx

C. Larynx

D. Sinuses

A. & D.

Which of the following is not part of the respiratory pathway?

A. Bronchioles

B. Alveoli

C. Alverolar Sacs

D. Lobar Bronchi

D.

True or False: The Oropharynx is a portion of the pharynx and a passageway for air only

False

Stimulation of which nerve causes the diaphragm to contract?

Phrenic

Which of the following muscles are used only for forced inspiration, such as deep breathing?

A. Sternocleidomastoid

B. Serratus Anterior

C. Scalenes

D. Pectoralis Minor

A., B., C., D.

True or False: The lower respiratory tract consists of organs that warm, filter, and humidify air

False

What can be calculated by combining 2 or more respiratory volumes

Respiratory Capacities

Progressive, degenerative disease in which alveolar walls are destroyed

Emphysema

Which portion of the brain houses the respiratory control centers?

Brain stem

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is ______________.

760 mm Hg

Blood vessels collapse along with the lung is called _____________.

actelestaxis

Oxygen is transported through the blood, bound to ___________.

Hemoglobin

True or False: At high altitudes, the proportion of O2 in the air changes and PO2 decreases.

False

True or False: Bronchodilation allows for increased gas exchange and occurs during exercise and “fight or flight” situations.

True

True or False: Quiet inspiration and expiration both involve muscle contraction

True

The left lung has ________ lobes.

2

Infection of the lungs, in which the alveoli swell due to edema.

Pneumonia

Which of the following is NOT a sinus of the skull?

A. Frontal

B. Temporal

C. Sphenoid

D. Ehtmoid

B. Temporal

How many C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage prevent the collapse of the trachea?

20

Air in respiratory tract that remains in conduction structures (trachea, bronchi, some bronchioles), and does not reach alveoli.

Anatomic dead space

True or False: Oxygen-poor blood contains no O2 bound to the hemoglobin in red blood cells

False

Describe how the diaphragm is involved in the respiratory cycle.

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes which causes the atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity to change causing inhalation and exhalation. When the diaphragm contracts downward, there is no more room in the pleural cavity. Then, the atmospheric pressure causes air to rush into the lungs (inhalation). When the diaphragm expands, it changes the atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity and air rushes out of the lungs (exhalation).

Know how to calculate total lung capacity

Number 23 on respiratory quiz

The kidneys are behind the parietal peritoneum making them _________.

retroperitoneal

The kidney contains about __________ functional units, called nephrons.

1,000,000

True or False: The avg. adult GFR= 180 L/day

True

1st section of the renal tubule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Abnormal white blood cells in urine

Pyruria

True or False: The internal urethral sphincter is voluntary

False

The Renin-Angiotensin system results in? (select all that apply)

A. Vasodilation

B. Increased ADH

C. Increased aldosterone

D. Vasoconstriction

A, B, C

Water and small dissolved molecules and ions can be filtered

Glomerular Filtration

(Forces favoring filtration ) - (forces opposing filtration)=

Net filtration pressure

The outward pressure exerted by the fluid in the glomerular capsule and opposes filtration.

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Can be composed of uric acid, calcium oxalate, phosphate or magnesium phosphate and can form in collecting ducts, renal pelvis

Kidney stones

Functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production _________.

nephron

True or False: The renal vein branches 8 times.

False

True or False: Another name for the Glomerular Capsule is the Nephron Capsule.

False