Final Exam Guide- Semester 2

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Nervous, Cranial Nerves, Endocrine, Respiratory, Cardiac

130 Terms

1
Resting membrane potential should be at __________ (including unit of measurement)
\-70mV
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2
Which is not a nerve plexus?

A. Thoracic

B. Cervical

C. Brachial

D. Lumbosacral
A. Thoracic
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3
True or False: Sensory is Efferent; Motor is Afferent
B. False
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4
Which of the following supply blood to the brain? (select all that apply)

A. Jugular vein

B. Circle of Willis

C. Brachial Plexus

D. Internal Carotid Artery
B. Circle of Willis

D. Internal Carotid Arteries
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5
The _________ lobe is responsible for hearing.
temporal
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6
True or False: The sympathetic nervous system is the “rest-and-digest” branch.
False
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7
What would stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to a person’s heart rate?
It would decrease the person’s heart rate.
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8
Neurons degenerate in the substantia nigra which produces the neurotransmitter dopamine and can lead to motor problems.
Parkinson’s Disease
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9
Influx of Na+
Depolarization
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10
Which is not one of the meninges?

A. Subarachnoid mater

B. Dura mater

C. Pia mater

D. Arachnoid mater
A. Subarachnoid mater
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11
The structure that connects the two hemispheres ___________.
corpus callosum
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12
Change in the membrane potential which then travels down the excitable cell membrane as an impulse. This is called _______.
action potential
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13
Transports the sodium ions out of the cell and the potassium ions in the cell?
Na+/K+ pump
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14
True or False: Gaps in the axon between the Schwann cells are called Axon Hillocks.
False
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15
True or False: White matter contains mylinated structures.
True
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16
Respond to mechanical tissue damage, pain, extreme temperatures,
Nociceptors
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17
Visceral pain that is felt as if it was coming from a different part of the body is called ____________.
referred pain
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18
Receptors associated with changes in stress or tension in muscles, tendons, and joints are called.
proprioceptors
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19
True or False: Our sense of smell provides 90% of our sense of taste.
False
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20
True or False: Touch is a special sense.
False
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21
How many sections of the ear are there ___?
3
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22
Prevents damage during loud sounds.
Tympanic Reflex
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23
Produces color vision in bright light, and sharp images and are cells with blunt projections ________.
cones
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24
Loss of ability to read and see close objects clearly, occurs with age, due to the loss of elasticity of the lens.
Presbyopia
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25
True or False: Anosmia is the loss of the sense of vision
False
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26
Which lobe is responsible for vision ___________.
occipital
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27
Connects the Cranial Nervous System to other parts of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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28
Which of the following make up the brainstem?

A. Infundibulum

B. Midbrain

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Pons
B, C, D
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29
True or False: The Duodenum is responsible for maintaining posture and coordinating skeletal muscle activity.
False
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30
Area of skin that is innervated by sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve is called a ___________.
dermatome
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31
Fight-or-flight hormones come from where?
Adrenal glands
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32
Releasing hormones come from which of the following?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Anterior pituitary gland

C.Posterior pituitary gland

D.Hypothalamus
D.
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33
True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion would increase if an individual has spent three days in the desert without food or water.
True
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34
Which gland is responsible for production of melatonin?
Pineal gland
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35
Which gland is responsible for secretion of hormones responsible for calcium reabsorption?
Parathyroid gland
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36
True or False: Prolactin stimulates breast milk production
True
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37
Which of the following are thyroid hormones?

A. Thyrocine

B. Calcitonin

C. Thyrotropin

D. Triiodothyronine
A, B, D
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38
Which cell type produces and secretes glucagon?
Alpha
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39
Which of the following is caused by oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) during adulthood, after epiphyseal plate of ossification?
Acromegaly
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40
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) does the following?
Increases blood pressure
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41
Which hormone is the only time we will see the use of positive feedback control _____________.
Oxytocin
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42
Normal blood glucose is ____________.
70-100 mL/L
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43
Secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Ovaries
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44
True or False: The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces hormones.
False
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45
True or False: The endocrine system is precise, in that only post synaptic cells respond to a specific hormone
False
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46
Which gland also aids in digestion _____________.
pancreas
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47
May result in muscle cramps and/or seizures and can be treated with Vitamin D
Hypoparathyroidism
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48
Plays a vital role in the immune system
Thalamus
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49
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can cause this and commonly recognized by exopthalmia
Graves Disease
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50
Follicle Stimulation Hormone (FSH) actions are?
Growth and development of ovarian follicles; maturation of sperm
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51
Slower acting hormones where receptors are found in the cytoplasm or the nucleus
Steroid or Steroid like hormones
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52
Describe how the endocrine system works like a thermostat
hormones stop secretion when normal levels are reached like set temp on a thermostat
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53
List two ways Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes differ.

1: Type 1 diabetes is when the body doesn’t produce insulin, while Type 2 diabetes is when the receptors don’t allow the insulin to work.

2: Type 2 affects usually overweight adults, while Type 1 affects usually children.

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54
The trochlear nerve is cranial nerve number ________.
IV
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55
Which is not a division of the trigeminal nerve?

a. Cochlear

b. Mandibular

c. Maxillary

d. Opthalamic
a. Cochlear
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56
The Optic nerve is responsible for what?
Vision
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57
What cranial nerve is cranial nerve number VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
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58
The cranial and spinal branch can be found as part of the ____________ cranial nerve.
accessory
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59
The Vestibulocochlear nerve has two functions. Name one.
equilibrium
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60
Cranial nerve number X is the ___________ nerve.
vagus
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61
Cranial nerve number I is the
olfactory
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62
The oculomotor nerve is responsible for
eye movement
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63
Abducens is cranial nerve number
VI
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64
What organs make up part of the upper respiratory tract?

A. Nasal Cavity

B. Pharynx

C. Larynx

D. Sinuses
A. & D.
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65
Which of the following is not part of the respiratory pathway?

A. Bronchioles

B. Alveoli

C. Alverolar Sacs

D. Lobar Bronchi
D.
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66
True or False: The Oropharynx is a portion of the pharynx and a passageway for air only
False
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67
Stimulation of which nerve causes the diaphragm to contract?
Phrenic
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68
Which of the following muscles are used only for forced inspiration, such as deep breathing?

A. Sternocleidomastoid

B. Serratus Anterior

C. Scalenes

D. Pectoralis Minor
A., B., C., D.
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69
True or False: The lower respiratory tract consists of organs that warm, filter, and humidify air
False
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70
What can be calculated by combining 2 or more respiratory volumes
Respiratory Capacities
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71
Progressive, degenerative disease in which alveolar walls are destroyed
Emphysema
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72
Which portion of the brain houses the respiratory control centers?
Brain stem
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73
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is ______________.
760 mm Hg
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74
Blood vessels collapse along with the lung is called _____________.
actelestaxis
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75
Oxygen is transported through the blood, bound to ___________.
Hemoglobin
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76
True or False: At high altitudes, the proportion of O2 in the air changes and PO2 decreases.
False
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77
True or False: Bronchodilation allows for increased gas exchange and occurs during exercise and “fight or flight” situations.
True
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78
True or False: Quiet inspiration and expiration both involve muscle contraction
True
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79
The left lung has ________ lobes.
2
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80
Infection of the lungs, in which the alveoli swell due to edema.
Pneumonia
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81
Which of the following is NOT a sinus of the skull?

A. Frontal

B. Temporal

C. Sphenoid

D. Ehtmoid
B. Temporal
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82
How many C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage prevent the collapse of the trachea?
20
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83
Air in respiratory tract that remains in conduction structures (trachea, bronchi, some bronchioles), and does not reach alveoli.
Anatomic dead space
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84
True or False: Oxygen-poor blood contains no O2 bound to the hemoglobin in red blood cells
False
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85
Describe how the diaphragm is involved in the respiratory cycle.
The diaphragm contracts and relaxes which causes the atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity to change causing inhalation and exhalation. When the diaphragm contracts downward, there is no more room in the pleural cavity. Then, the atmospheric pressure causes air to rush into the lungs (inhalation). When the diaphragm expands, it changes the atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity and air rushes out of the lungs (exhalation).
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86
Know how to calculate total lung capacity
Number 23 on respiratory quiz
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87
The kidneys are behind the parietal peritoneum making them _________.
retroperitoneal
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88
The kidney contains about __________ functional units, called nephrons.
1,000,000
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89
True or False: The avg. adult GFR= 180 L/day
True
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90
1st section of the renal tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
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91
Abnormal white blood cells in urine
Pyruria
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92
True or False: The internal urethral sphincter is voluntary
False
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93
The Renin-Angiotensin system results in? (select all that apply)

A. Vasodilation

B. Increased ADH

C. Increased aldosterone

D. Vasoconstriction
A, B, C
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94
Water and small dissolved molecules and ions can be filtered
Glomerular Filtration
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95
(Forces favoring filtration ) - (forces opposing filtration)=
Net filtration pressure
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96
The outward pressure exerted by the fluid in the glomerular capsule and opposes filtration.
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
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97
Can be composed of uric acid, calcium oxalate, phosphate or magnesium phosphate and can form in collecting ducts, renal pelvis
Kidney stones
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98
Functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production _________.
nephron
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99
True or False: The renal vein branches 8 times.
False
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100
True or False: Another name for the Glomerular Capsule is the Nephron Capsule.
False
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