Chapter 5 Psychology

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77 Terms

1

Sensory Receptor Cells

specialized cells to convert (sensory transduction) specific stimuli into neural impulses

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2

Sensation

the act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli

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3

Transduction

transformation of physical energy into electrical signals

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4

Psychophysics

the study of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states

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5

Gustav Fechner

studied the strength of a stimulus and a personā€™s ability to detect it

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6

Absolute Threshold

smallest amount of a stimulus that one can detect

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7

Signal Detection Analysis

technique to determine the ability to separate true signals from background noise

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8

Sensitivity

true ability to detect a presence or absence of signal

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9

Response Bias

behavioural bias to respond yes

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10

Difference Threshold or Just Noticeable Difference

minimal difference between two stimuli necessary for detection of a difference between the two

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11

Weberā€™s Law

JND is constant proportion of original intensity

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12

Perception

the conscious recognition and identification of a sensory stimulus

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13

Bottom-up Processing

  • outside-in

  • sensory information from environment driving the process of understanding

  • unconscious (hard to resist)

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14

Top-down Processing

  • inside-out

  • knowledge and expectancy driving the process of understanding

  • conscious (effortful)

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15

Sensory Adaptation

a process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response

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16

Inattention Blindness

failure to notice something obvious because you were focused on something

  • Simons and Chabris (Gorilla crossing into video)

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17

Segall, Cambell, & Herskovits

Individual differences in perception

  • thrill seekers are more likely to like sour flavours

  • personality may impact perceptions

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18

Frequency

associated with the soundā€™s pitch

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19

Loudness

associated with the soundā€™s amplitude

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20

Timbre

is a sounds purity and is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing

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21

Light Waves

  • electromagnetic radiation produces light which is made up of particles called photons

  • different wavelengths appear to us as different colours

  • objects reflect and absorb light

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22

Cornea

transparent covering over the eye, focuses light

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23

Pupil

opening in eye through which light passes through

  • varies based on light levels and arousal

  • dilated = bigger, constricted = smaller

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24

Iris

coloured portion of the eye, a muscle that controls pupil size

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25

Lens

curved, transparent and provides additional focus

  • attached to muscles

  • focus on light from far objects

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26

Accommodation

change in curvature of lens to focus light on retina, specifically the fovea (indentation in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors)

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27

Retina

light sensitive lining of the eye (sheet of nerve cells containing receptors for vision)

  • retina/fovea contains all receptor cells (rods and cones)

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28

Cones

used for central and colour vision, fovea (centre of retina) is all cones

  • light detection, acute detail, and spatial resolution

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29

Rods

used for periphery and night vision, many more rods than cones, more responsive to dark and light

  • movement in periphery

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30

Ganglion Cells

send visual input yo the brain via the optic nerve (carries visual information to the brain)

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31

Optic Chiasm

X-shaped structure, the point where the optic nerve from each eye met

  • visual information is processed in parallel pathways (ie. right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain)

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32

Trichromatic Theory

three different receptors for colour each respond to different wavelengths of light (blue, red, green)

  • not likely as we can see many more than three colors

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33

Opponent Process Theory

colour pairs work to inhibit one another

  • green-red; blue-yellow; and black-white cannot be mixed

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34

Afterimage

continuation of sensation once stimuli is removed

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35

Depth Perception

perception of spatial relations in 3-D space

  • front, below, beside, above, behind

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36

Binocular Cues

  • cues that rely on both eyes

  • binocular disparity - slightly different stimuli recorded by the retina of each eye, provides us with a binocular cue of depth

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37

Monocular Cues

cues that rely on one eye

  • position, relative size, linear perspective, light and shadow, interposition, aerial perspective

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38

Pinna (ear)

where sound waves are sourced

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39

Tympanic Membrane

where sound waves enter the ear and deflect

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40

Maleus, Incus, Stapes

vibrations set in motion these three ossicles (bones)

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41

Oval Window

where the stapes hits, creating waves to form

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42

Cochlea

fluid-filled part of the inner ear

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43

Basilar Membrane/Hair Cells

communicate with nerves in the cochlea and send neural impulses to the brain

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44

Temporal Theory

different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials (high frequency sounds = more rapid firing)

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45

Place Theory

different frequencies activate different regions of the basilar membrane

brain equates the place activity occurred on the basilar membrane with a particular frequency

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46

Monaural

soundā€™s source relative to body position

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47

Binaural

relies on a horizontal axis by delivering different patterns of vibration between eardrums in each ear

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48

Conductive Hearing Loss

problems delivering sound to cochlea

  • infection, wax buildup, eardrum damage

  • failure of vibration from eardrum to ossicles

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49

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

transmission failure from cochlea to brain

  • most common hearing loss

  • aging, trauma, infection, noise exposure

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50

Meniereā€™s Disease

degeneration of inner ear structures

  • require cochlear implant to directly stimulate auditory nerve

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51

Olfactory Sense + Gustatory Sense

  • together are called the chemical senses because they involve responses to particular chemicals

  • important for smelling or tasting rotten food, noxious gases, smoke

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52

5 Taste Receptors

  1. sweet

  2. sour

  3. bitter

  4. salt

  5. umami (MSG)

  6. Fatty?

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53

Papillae

bumps that cover the surface of the tongue

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54

Taste Bud

clusters of sensory receptor cells (in the papillae) that bind the food molecules that dissolve in our saliva and turn this into a neural impulse (transduction)

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55

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

the receptor cells bind odourant molecules into a neural impulse (transduction) and send that impulse to the brain

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56

Pheromones

Chemical messages - often to signal

  • the only reason Neave could have been attracted to Lucas

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57

Olfactory Bulb

  • tip of frontal lobe

  • Ā sends information to amygdala and indirectly to the hippocampus

  • smell can evoke memories

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58

Ageusia

inability to taste

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59

Anosmia

inability to smell, can still taste but not ā€˜flavoursā€™

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60

Tactile or Somatosensory System

combination of skin sense:

  • pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, and pain

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61

Pain Perception

  • physical and psychological components

  • inflammatory pain: tissue damage

  • neuropathic pain: exaggerated signal of damage to neurons in PNS or CNS

  • generally well developed at birth

  • variability in detection and response

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62

Fast Pathway (Pain Perception)

sharp, localized pain is felt quicker because it travels along myelinated neurons to the brain

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63

Slow Pathway (Pain Perception)

nagging, burning pain is slower to be felt because it travels along unmyelinated pathways

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64

Vestibular

ability to maintain balance and body posture

  • located in semicircular canals of our inner ears

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65

Proprioception

perception of body position

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66

Kinaestesia

perception of body movement in space

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67

Kinesthetic

receptor cells in your muscles tell the brain where we are moving and where our body parts are in space

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68

Gestalt Psychology

  • Vertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka

  • perception helps us to add meaning to visual information by helping to organize it

  • form patterns

  • the whole is different from the sum of itā€™s parts

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69

Figure Ground

something the main object or background

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70

Similarity

stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together

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71

Proximity

visual stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together

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72

Continuity

objects that continue a pattern are grouped together

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73

Closure

we tend to fill in small gaps so they are perceived as wholes

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74

Pattern Perception

ability to discriminate different figures and shapes

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75

Perceptual Hypothesis

educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information

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76

Perceptual Sets

readiness to interpret a certain stimulus in a certain way

  • perception requires both bottom-up and top-down processes

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77

Ames Room

we expect the room to be square, but itā€™s irregularly shaped, we also believe people in the room are the same distance from us

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