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dendrites
a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
axon
the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
agonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
antagonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
sensory neurons (afferent)
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor neurons (efferent)
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms
pituitary gland
the endocrine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
thalamus
the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
parietal lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
temporal lobes
portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
manifest content of dreams
in Freudian dream analysis, the "surface," or remembered, story line, which contains symbols that mask the dream's latent content (the true meaning)
latent content of dreams
according to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect