1.0 - anthro, socio, polsci

for 2nd sem - quiz #1

anthropology

__**systematic study**__ of humanity, with the *goal* of __**understanding our evolutionary origins**__, our __**distinctiveness**__ as a species, and the __**great diversity**__ in our forms of social existence *across the world and through time*

political science

social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws

sociology

study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior

natural science

a branch of science that deals with the natural world: its processes, elements, and composition. e.g. physics, chemistry, geology, biology

social science (nisbet, 1974)

it is a branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects

social science

it includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and geography as its branches

social science

it also the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the human behavior

empirical research methods

social scientists use this to investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors

social science

is a branch of science primarily focusses in human society and social relationships

natural science studies natural events while social science studies the human society

difference of natural science and social science

culture

all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation

culture

is the collective term to identify the ideas, customs and social behavior of a particular people or society

society

group of people with common territory, mutual interaction, interest and culture

politics

activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society

traditions

are the ideas and beliefs that are passed down from one generation to another generation

neck rings culture

this tradition is practiced in thailand and african tribes

anthropology

branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species

human being

what does the **latin** word “anthropos” mean?

to study

what does the **greek** word “logos” mean?

charles darwin’s “on the origin of the species” (1859)

the discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work of?

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bronislaw malinowski

introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture

participant observation

open-ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native’s point of view

franz boas

is considered the Father of American Anthropology

franz boas

his works focused on __rejecting__ the __biological basis__ of __racism or racial discrimination__

franz boas

he also __rejected__ the __Western idea of social evolution__ thus, he favored historical particularism

franz boas

he also __**advocated**__ __**cultural relativism**__ or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not. all people have equally developed cultures

cultural relativism

looking at a culture's beliefs, values, and practices from the perspective of the culture they are analyzing

cultural relativism

will look at the context of each culture and understand that each culture is different and best understood by the people who are a part of that culture

cultural relativists

will often appreciate cultural differences, opposing ethnocentrism in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs

ethnocentrism

usually entails the notion that one's own culture is superior to everyone else's.

ethnocentrism

increases one’s appreciation and commitment to one’s culture or cultural group

xenocentrism

a belief or preference to value other cultures as superior more than one’s own

cultura

**culture** comes from the latin word “_______”

cultivation

what does *cultura* mean?

Edward B. Taylor

first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted “culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society”

Primitive Culture

in what book did Edward Taylor first gave the definition of culture?

primitive culture

any of numerous societies characterized by features that may include lack of a written language, relative isolation, small population, relatively simple social institutions and technology, and a generally slow rate of sociocultural change

hierarchies

reflect our bias

cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological, applied

branches of anthropology

cultural anthropology

• the study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture

• also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages

linguistic anthropology

study of __**human communication**__ across the globe, attempting to understand how language and linguistic practices intersect with cultural processes, worldviews, ideologies and identities.

archaeology

• study of past human cultures through their material remains

• it also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts

biological anthropology

study of __**humans as biological organisms**__, including their evolution and contemporary variation

applied anthropology

they analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems

* ex. in health and medicine, education, land claim etc.

companion or fellowship

what does the latin word *socius* mean?

socius and logos

where did the word __**sociology**__ come from?

to study

what does the greek word *logos* mean?

sociology

a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction

sociology

is the study of society

society

is where social interactions occur

sociology

delve into social problems that affect behavior of an individual and a group

Auguste Comte

who coined the term __**sociology**__ in 1838?

Auguste Comte

he focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates

Auguste Comte

introduced the term *Positivism* through his book entitled __**Course on Positive Philosophy**__ (1830–1842) and __**System of Positive Polity**__ (1851-1854)

positive polity

based upon two principles: no society without government, and no society without some form of spiritual power

scientific methods

through this, there are facts in the world that can be discovered and understood

Karl Marx

a German philosopher and economist

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

they made Communist Manifesto in 1848

Communist Manifesto

this book presents Marx's theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte

Communist Manifesto

the book that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels made

Karl Marx

he disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production

communism

a political theory, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

Emile Durkheim

through his efforts, the professionalization of sociology made it through in the University of Bordeaux in 1985

Emile Durkheim

he defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology

Division of Labor in Society (1893)

one of the notable works of Emile Durkheim, which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society

mechanical solidarity

a primitive, or less differentiated, society relies on its relative internal sameness to produce what he calls ___________ - “traditional” and small-scale societies, and it is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks

organic solidarity

an advanced, or more individuated, society creates (through the difference between not only individuals but also between different subgroups, or occupational groups, within the larger social order)

society

as a whole was understood as incorporating both individuals in their differences and social groups in their wholes

social solidarity

= interdependence

Max Weber

is another pioneer in the field of sociology

Max Weber

he emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society

Max Weber

he introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life

theory of bureaucracy

proposes that all business tasks must be divided among the employees

competencies and functional specializations

the basics for the division of tasks should be?

social organization, social psychology, human ecology, applied sociology, population studies, social change, sociological theory and research

areas of sociology

social organization

__**system of relationships**__ between persons and among groups with regard to the division of activity and the functional arrangement of mutual obligations within society

social psychology

study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others

* ex. psychological consequences of work and family life

human ecology

study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment

human ecology

it focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups

applied sociology

application of sociological ideas, concepts, theories and models to address everyday problems or situations

population studies

study of human populations; their composition, growth, distribution, and migratory movements

population studies

this area also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations

* ex. highly urbanized area (fertility)

social change

way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact of society

* ex. civil rights movement, LGBTQ rights, feminism and environmentalism

sociological theory and research

intends to consider, analyze, and/or explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological knowledge

city-state

what does the greek word *polis* mean?

to know

what does the latin word *scire* mean?

scire

from what latin word did “science” come from?

political science

discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics

political science

it focuses widely in political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior

political theory, public law, public administration, political dynamics, government and business, legislatures and legislation, international relations, international law, comparative government

areas of political science

political theory

it deals with the __**accumulation of principles**__ identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state

public law

it pertains to __**laws or ordinances**__ which control the framework of public governance

public administration

it serves as an __**academic discipline**__ that studies civil service and governance

political dynamics

it is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the __**relationship of different societal forces**__ that dictate political opportunities and actions

government and business

it __**gives importance**__ to the __**regulatory and governmental function**__ to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy

legislation

is a complex mechanism that can be __**extended as a discipline**__

legislation

it tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature

international relations

it includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy

international law

it is a __**system of agreements and treaties**__ that entails responsibilities of one state into another