__**systematic study**__ of humanity, with the *goal* of __**understanding our evolutionary origins**__, our __**distinctiveness**__ as a species, and the __**great diversity**__ in our forms of social existence *across the world and through time*
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political science
social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws
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sociology
study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior
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natural science
a branch of science that deals with the natural world: its processes, elements, and composition. e.g. physics, chemistry, geology, biology
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social science (nisbet, 1974)
it is a branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects
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social science
it includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and geography as its branches
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social science
it also the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the human behavior
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empirical research methods
social scientists use this to investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors
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social science
is a branch of science primarily focusses in human society and social relationships
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natural science studies natural events while social science studies the human society
difference of natural science and social science
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culture
all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation
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culture
is the collective term to identify the ideas, customs and social behavior of a particular people or society
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society
group of people with common territory, mutual interaction, interest and culture
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politics
activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society
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traditions
are the ideas and beliefs that are passed down from one generation to another generation
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neck rings culture
this tradition is practiced in thailand and african tribes
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anthropology
branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species
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human being
what does the **latin** word “anthropos” mean?
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to study
what does the **greek** word “logos” mean?
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charles darwin’s “on the origin of the species” (1859)
the discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work of?
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bronislaw malinowski
introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture
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participant observation
open-ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native’s point of view
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franz boas
is considered the Father of American Anthropology
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franz boas
his works focused on __rejecting__ the __biological basis__ of __racism or racial discrimination__
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franz boas
he also __rejected__ the __Western idea of social evolution__ thus, he favored historical particularism
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franz boas
he also __**advocated**__ __**cultural relativism**__ or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not. all people have equally developed cultures
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cultural relativism
looking at a culture's beliefs, values, and practices from the perspective of the culture they are analyzing
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cultural relativism
will look at the context of each culture and understand that each culture is different and best understood by the people who are a part of that culture
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cultural relativists
will often appreciate cultural differences, opposing ethnocentrism in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs
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ethnocentrism
usually entails the notion that one's own culture is superior to everyone else's.
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ethnocentrism
increases one’s appreciation and commitment to one’s culture or cultural group
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xenocentrism
a belief or preference to value other cultures as superior more than one’s own
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cultura
**culture** comes from the latin word “_______”
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cultivation
what does *cultura* mean?
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Edward B. Taylor
first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted “culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society”
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Primitive Culture
in what book did Edward Taylor first gave the definition of culture?
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primitive culture
any of numerous societies characterized by features that may include lack of a written language, relative isolation, small population, relatively simple social institutions and technology, and a generally slow rate of sociocultural change
* the study of __**people**__ with their variations and progress in terms of culture * also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages
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linguistic anthropology
study of __**human communication**__ across the globe, attempting to understand how language and linguistic practices intersect with cultural processes, worldviews, ideologies and identities.
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archaeology
* study of __**past human cultures**__ through their material remains * it also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts
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biological anthropology
study of __**humans as biological organisms**__, including their evolution and contemporary variation
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applied anthropology
they analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems
* ex. in health and medicine, education, land claim etc.
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companion or fellowship
what does the latin word *socius* mean?
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socius and logos
where did the word __**sociology**__ come from?
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to study
what does the greek word *logos* mean?
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sociology
a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction
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sociology
is the study of society
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society
is where social interactions occur
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sociology
delve into social problems that affect behavior of an individual and a group
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Auguste Comte
who coined the term __**sociology**__ in 1838?
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Auguste Comte
he focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates
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Auguste Comte
introduced the term *Positivism* through his book entitled __**Course on Positive Philosophy**__ (1830–1842) and __**System of Positive Polity**__ (1851-1854)
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positive polity
based upon two principles: no society without government, and no society without some form of spiritual power
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scientific methods
through this, there are facts in the world that can be discovered and understood
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Karl Marx
a German philosopher and economist
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
they made Communist Manifesto in 1848
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Communist Manifesto
this book presents Marx's theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte
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Communist Manifesto
the book that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels made
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Karl Marx
he disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production
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communism
a political theory, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
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Emile Durkheim
through his efforts, the professionalization of sociology made it through in the University of Bordeaux in 1985
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Emile Durkheim
he defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology
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Division of Labor in Society (1893)
one of the notable works of Emile Durkheim, which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society
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mechanical solidarity
a primitive, or less differentiated, society relies on its relative internal sameness to produce what he calls ___________ - “traditional” and small-scale societies, and it is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks
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organic solidarity
an advanced, or more individuated, society creates (through the difference between not only individuals but also between different subgroups, or occupational groups, within the larger social order)
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society
as a whole was understood as incorporating both individuals in their differences and social groups in their wholes
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social solidarity
= interdependence
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Max Weber
is another pioneer in the field of sociology
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Max Weber
he emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society
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Max Weber
he introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life
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theory of bureaucracy
proposes that all business tasks must be divided among the employees
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competencies and functional specializations
the basics for the division of tasks should be?
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social organization, social psychology, human ecology, applied sociology, population studies, social change, sociological theory and research
areas of sociology
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social organization
__**system of relationships**__ between persons and among groups with regard to the division of activity and the functional arrangement of mutual obligations within society
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social psychology
study of how individual or group behavior is influenced by the presence and behavior of others
* ex. psychological consequences of work and family life
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human ecology
study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment
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human ecology
it focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups
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applied sociology
application of sociological ideas, concepts, theories and models to address everyday problems or situations
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population studies
study of human populations; their composition, growth, distribution, and migratory movements
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population studies
this area also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations
* ex. highly urbanized area (fertility)
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social change
way human interactions and relationships transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact of society
* ex. civil rights movement, LGBTQ rights, feminism and environmentalism
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sociological theory and research
intends to consider, analyze, and/or explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological knowledge
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city-state
what does the greek word *polis* mean?
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to know
what does the latin word *scire* mean?
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scire
from what latin word did “science” come from?
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political science
discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics
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political science
it focuses widely in political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior
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political theory, public law, public administration, political dynamics, government and business, legislatures and legislation, international relations, international law, comparative government
areas of political science
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political theory
it deals with the __**accumulation of principles**__ identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state
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public law
it pertains to __**laws or ordinances**__ which control the framework of public governance
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public administration
it serves as an __**academic discipline**__ that studies civil service and governance
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political dynamics
it is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the __**relationship of different societal forces**__ that dictate political opportunities and actions
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government and business
it __**gives importance**__ to the __**regulatory and governmental function**__ to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy
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legislation
is a complex mechanism that can be __**extended as a discipline**__
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legislation
it tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature
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international relations
it includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy
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international law
it is a __**system of agreements and treaties**__ that entails responsibilities of one state into another