Studied by 3 people
theory
a gathering together and organization of knowledge about a particular object or phenomenon
context
the particular set of circumstances surrounding a specific event or situation
biomedical perspective
belief that biological, genetic, or physiological factors cause mental and emotional problems and are central to therapeutic strategies
trephining
using a stone tool to chip away at a human skull to create a circular opening to release evil spirits
religious/spiritual perspective
emphasized spiritual explanations for human distress and recovery
psychosocial perspective
verbal and relational interactions can change thoughts, mood, and behavior
feminist/multicultural perspective
uses social and cultural oppression and liberation as primary explanations for mental disorders and therapeutic recovery
talking cure
talking, expressing, verbalizing, or sharing one’s pain and life story is potentially healing
meta-analysis
pools together and obtains an overall average treatment effect size across different therapy research studies
effect size
a statistic used to estimate how much change is produced by a particular intervention
Dodo bird effect
the relative equivalent efficacy of various treatment approaches
the great psychotherapy debate
the specific techniques versus common factors conflict
common therapeutic factors
elements that exist across a wide range of different therapy approaches
extratherapeutic factors
client factors such as severity of disturbance, motivation, capacity to relate to others, ego strength, psychological-mindedness, the ability to identify a single problem to work on in counseling, and sources of help and support within client environments
therapeutic relationship
many different factors that contribute to rapport and a positive working relationship between therapist and client
working alliance
bond between therapist and client, 2) agreed upon therapy goals, 3) collaboratively working together linked to the goal
expectancy
hope for positive outcomes
efficacy research
employs experimental designs that emphasize internal validity
internal validity
allowing researchers to comment of causal mechanisms
effectiveness research
uses experimental designs that emphasize external validity
external validity
allowing researchers to comment on generalizability of their findings
randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
statistically compares outcomes between randomly assigned treatment and control groups
empirically validated treatments
must be (a) manulized and (b) shown to be superior to a placebo or other treatment
aka empirically supported treatments (ESTs) - manualized approaches designed to treat specific mental disorders
competence
a centrat tenet of all professional codes: practitioners must have adequate knowledge and skills to perform specific professional services
informed consent
clients’ right to know about and consent to ways you intent to work with them
multicultural competencies
having competency in 4 major areas 1) self awareness. 2) multicultural knowledge, 3) culturally specific techniques, 4) advocacy
confidentiality
information that clients share with therapists is private and not shared without client permission
multiple roles
situations where professionals simultaneously hold more than one role in their clients’ lives
primum non nocere
(“first, do no harm”) an ethical mandate for medical and mental professionals
beneficence
striving to benefit those with whom (psychologists) work
potentially harmful therapies
specific therapy approaches that produce unacceptable negative effects
practice-based evidence or progress monitoring
involves collecting data, sometimes every session, pertaining to the clients symptoms and/or client satisfaction
client informed therapy
helps to inform clients to directly share their treatment progress with their therapists
frontal lobe
associated with complex thought processes such as planning, reasoning, and decision-making
zeitgeist
“the spirit of the time” explains why several individuals can, without consulting each other, make a significant discovery at around the same time
ortgeist
“spirit of the place” explains why people in close proximity often move toward similar discoveries
poltergeist
a mischievous spirit or ghost
neurogenesis
creation of new brain cells
