Cellular Energetics Vocab

Kreb’s cycle

Step 2 of Cellular respiration

Oxidization of pyruvate - prep for Kreb’s cycle

Location: mitochondrial matrix

Enzymes: kinase, dehydrogenase

Produces: 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2, 6CO2

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

Without oxygen

Oxidative phosphorylation

Last stage of cellular respiration

Connects rxns of ETC and the flow of H+ through ATPsynthase (chemiosmosis)

Alcohol fermentation

Converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2

Acetyl CoA

Other product when oxidizing pyruvate, enters the Kreb’s cycle to convert into energy

2 Carbon acetyl group

Cellular respiration

Converting glucose into usable energy

glucose + oxygen → water + CO2 + ATP

Redox reactions

passing of e-

cellular respiration

glucose → NADH/FADH2 → integral proteins → O2 → H2O

photosynthesis

H2O → chlorophyll → PEA → NADPH → G3P → glucose

ATP synthase

enzyme that produces ATP out of ADP

setup H+ gradient

allows p+ to flow through ATP synthase

Substrate-level phosphorylation

making ATP

kinase is the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP

Lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate (3C) → lactic acid (3C)

Oxidation

loss of e-

Glycolysis

Step 1 of Cellular Respiration

Breaking down of glucose into 2 pyruvates

Location: cytoplasm

Enzymes: kinase, dehydrogenase

Produces: 4ATP and 2NADH

Consumes: 2ATP

First 5 rxns - invests ATP

Last 5 rxns - harvests a little ATP and a little NAD

*NET YIELD = 2ATP and 2NADH

Catabolism

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process

glycolysis is an example of a catabolic rxn

Reduction

gain of e-

Chemiosmosis

diffusion of ions across a membrane

build up of p+ gradient so that H+ can flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP

NAD+/NADH

e- carrier

proton donor

Proton motive force

gradient between inter-membrane space and the matrix

Proton gradient

difference in p+ concentration across a membrane

Photosynthesis

life from light and air

CO2 + water + light → oxygen + glucose

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

6 steps

making ATP

H2O splits to give Chl A new e- (makes O2)

high energy e- stored in NADPH

Autotrophs

plants

make own energy

energy from sunlight

build organic molecules from CO2

Cyclic electron flow

e- returns to OG Chl A

stays in the same photosystem

Heterotrophs

animals

energy from eating others

respiration

Cyclic photophosphorylation

produces ATP without producing oxygen or NADP

Chlorophyll

absorbs light in photosynthesis

causes e- jump in energy

Absorption spectrum

plot that shows the wavelengths of light that a substance absorbs

Chlorophyll A absorbs best in red and blue, least of green

Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light

Mesophyll cells

where most of photosynthesis takes place

Chlorophyll a

absorbs best in red and blue, least of green

absorbs wavelengths to produce energy in photosynthesis

light absorbers in photophosphorylation

Rubisco

enzyme that fixes carbon from air

makes life out of air

most abundant enzyme

Stomata

facilitates gas exchange, allows CO2 to enter and O2 to exit

Action spectrum

relative rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

C3 plants

first stable product of photosynthesis is 3 carbon compound

Stroma

location of Calvin cycle

after light rxns

convert CO2 into glucose

Chlorophyll b

accessory pigment

expands range of light/wavelengths a plant can capture

Photorespiration

oxidization of RuBP → pulls e- out (breaking sugars)

no ATP gain

Light reactions

light dependent

energy conversion from solar → chemical (ATP and NADPH)

Accessory pigments

different structures absorb light of different wavelengths

C4 plants

better way to capture CO2

carbon fixation with PEP carboxylase, stores as 4C compound

adaptation to hot, dry climates

Calvin cycle

adds energy

location: stroma (chloroplast)

transforms CO2 into glucose

light rxn products to drive synthesis rxns

1. Carbon fixation

2. Reduction

3. Regeneration of RuBP

end product: energy rich 3C sugar

Bundle-sheath cells

a layer forms a sheath around the veins in leaves

transports water and nutrients

helps with carbon fixation in C4 plants

NADP+/NADPH

e- carrier

proton donor

found in photosynthesis

Reaction center chlorophyll

core of photosynthesis, chlorophyll molecules that capture light and initiate photosynthesis

Photophosphorylation

making ATP from light

Carbon fixation

process to convert CO2 into organic molecules like glucose

first step in calvin cycle

Rubisco fixes carbon

PEP carboxylase

close in the day - releases O2 from 4C acids to Calving cycle, increases concentration of CO2 in cells (open

open at night - open tomatoes and fix carbon in 4C “storage” compounds (fill)

Photosystem I

uses light energy to create energy carrying molecules

Photosystem II

protein complex that captures light energy to split up H2O

CAM plants

adaptation to hot and dry climates

separate carbon fixation by time

contains PEP carboxylase

Thylakoid membrane

inner membrane of the chloroplast

location of phosphorylation in photosynthesis

location of etc in photosynthesis