Nutrition: Biochemical Units, Metabolism, and Dietary Guidelines

Which of the following is the energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities such as breathing and circulation?

a) Resting energy expenditure (REE)

b) Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

c) Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

d) Dietary reference intake (DRI)

c) Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Which nutrient is obtained primarily from plant foods, except for lactose?

a) Proteins

b) Fats

c) Carbohydrates

d) Minerals

c) Carbohydrates

Most complete proteins come from which type of source?

a) Plant sources only

b) A combination of grains and vegetables

c) Animal sources

d) Dairy products only

c) Animal sources

Triglycerides, which circulate in the blood, are composed of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of:

a) Glucose5

b) Glycerol

c) Amino acid5

d) Mineral

b) Glycerol

What percentage of total body weight does water make up in adults?

a) 30% to 40%

b) 50% to 60%

c) 60% to 70%

d) 80% to 90%

c) 60% to 70%

Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body?

a) Vitamin C

b) Vitamin B complex

c) Vitamin A

d) All B vitamins

c) Vitamin A

Minerals are classified as macrominerals when the daily requirement is greater than:

a) 10 mg

b) 100 mg

c) 500 mg

d) 1000 mg

b) 100 mg

Which of the following is the catabolism of glycogen into glucose?

a) Glycogenesis

b) Glycogenolysis

c) Gluconeogenesis

d) Metabolism

b) Glycogenolysis

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) that represents the average needs of 98% of the population is the:

a) Adequate Intake (AI)

b) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

c) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

d) Dietary Guidelines for Americans

c) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The suggested intake for individuals based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intakes, used when there is not enough evidence to set the RDA, is the:

a) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

b) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

c) Adequate Intake (AI)

d) Dietary Guidelines for Americans

c) Adequate Intake (AI)

The USDA developed which program to replace the My Food Pyramid?

a) Dietary Guidelines for Americans7

b) MyPlate

c) DRI

d) Food Guide Pyramid

b) MyPlate

Breastfeeding is recommended for infants for the first how many months of life?

a) 3 months

b) 6 months

c) 9 months

d) 12 months

b) 6 months

Older adults may have a decreased thirst sensation, which can affect their nutritional status . This is considered a(n):

a) Economic factor

b) Cultural factor

c) Age-related gastrointestinal change

d) Effect of medication

c) Age-related gastrointestinal change

A vegetarian who avoids meat, fish, and poultry but eats eggs and milk is classified as a(n):

a) Vegan

b) Lactovegetarian

c) Ovolactovegetarian

d) Pescatarian

c) Ovolactovegetarian

Which vitamin is a particular risk for deficiency in children following a vegetarian diet?

a) Vitamin C

b) Vitamin A

c) Vitamin D

d) Vitamin B

d) Vitamin B

A key characteristic of anorexia nervosa is:

a) Recurrent episodes of binge eating13

b) Use of laxatives to prevent weight gain14

c) Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight

d) Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight (also bulimia

Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight

Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain are characteristic of:

a) Anorexia nervosa

b) Bulimia nervosa

c) Malnutrition

d) Obesity

b) Bulimia nervosa

Early recognition of patients who are malnourished or at risk has a strong positive influence on:

a) Increased length of hospital stay

b) Higher mortality rates

c) Short- and long-term health outcomes

d) Increased healthcare costs

c) Short- and long-term health outcomes

Difficulty swallowing is known as:

a) Anorexia

b) Aspiration

c) Dysphagia

d) Xerostomia

c) Dysphagia

A serious complication of dysphagia is:

a) Increased saliva production

b) Improved nutritional status

c) Aspiration pneumonia

d) Increased gag reflex

c) Aspiration pneumonia

Which of the following is a sign of dysphagia?

a) Strong, clear speech

b) Coughing when the patient is eating

c) Increased appetite

d) Normal movements of the mouth and tongue

b) Coughing when the patient is eating

When caring for a patient with decreased immunity, special dietary needs include:

a) Increasing sodium intake

b) Decreasing contaminated food

c) Encouraging large, infrequent meals

d) Limiting water consumption

b) Decreasing contaminated food

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is typically administered through a:

a) Peripheral IV line with less than 10% dextrose21

b) Nasogastric tube

c) Gastrostomy tube (

d) Central venous access device (CVAD)

d) Central venous access device (CVAD)

A potential metabolic complication of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is:

a) Hypocapnia (not defined in sources)

b) Hyperglycemia

c) Hyponatremia

d) Hypokalemia

b) Hyperglycemia

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the use of specific nutritional therapies to treat:

a) Temporary hunger

b) General wellness

c) An illness, injury, or condition

d) Food preferences8

c) An illness, injury, or condition