Fluency Disorders Midterm

introduction and assessment

1%

what is the percentage of the general population that had a fluency disorder

4%

what is the rate of stuttering that has been reported among the preschool population

5%

The incidence of stuttering has been reported to be as high as _ %

stuttering

disruption in the fluency of verbal expression characterized by involuntary, audible, or silent repetitions or prolongations in the utterance of short speech elements

Wingate’s definition of stuttering 

disruptions are sometimes accompanied by accessory activities involving the speech apparatus, and unrelated or related body parts. Indications of the presence of an emotional state, fear, embarrassment, and irritation. 

Family history, twins, gender, age, speech language skills, sensitivity of child, child’s pattern of stuttering, child’s reaction to stuttering

Risk factors associated with stuttering

communication style, parental expectations, important events, family reactions

environmental risk factors associated with stuttering

4

what is the onset age for the majority of children who stutter

Age 4, coincides with the 1st speech attempt

What are some of the onset characteristics of stuttering

Excessive repetitions of syllables and voiced and unvoiced prolongations, reacting single-syllable words. And the first syllable of multisyllabic words, number of units per instance of repetitions is considered to be excessive, 1/3 of the children who are diagnosed as beginning to stutter show signs of tension

Speech characteristics at onset of stuttering

Repetitions, interjections, revisions, disrhythmic phonations, tense pauses

Types of disfluencies

Tension in facial and chest muscles, grinding of teeth, laryngeal tension, hand and feet movement, closing the eyes, and moving the head backwards

What are some common associated motor behaviors

Greater

The more. AMBs, the _ percent of disfluencies

Reduce

Persons who stutter use AMBs as a device to _ stuttering severity or it has become habit

Typical disfluencies/normal nonfluency

During the early years of speech development, all children are inclined to experience breakdowns in fluency, this is referred to as

2 ½ and 4

The bulk of normal nonfluencies occur between these ages

25%

Stuttering Foundation of America reported that _ of all children go through a stage where their disfluencies are severe enough to be of concern to parents

5%

Of the 25% of children who have a severe amount of disfluencies during early child development only _ actually develop true stuttering

Frequency, type, and duration

What are three characteristics of disfluencies that are important to look at when determining the difference between stuttering vs. normal disfluencies

> 10 disfluencies per 100 words

What frequency would suggest stuttering rather than normal disfluencies

Casual silent pauses, whole word reps, phrase reps, interjections

Normal disfluencies include:

Part word reps, sound/syllable prolongations, insertion of the schwa vowel

Types of disfluencies that are associated with stuttering

Prolongations lasting longer than one second, more than 2 repeated unites in a sound, syllable, or part word repetition

Which characteristics of duration of a moment of disfluencies would indicate that a disfluencies is indicative of stuttering

Struggle and tension, evidence of fear and tremors, avoidance and escape behaviors, associated motor behaviors

What are some non-speech behaviors of children who stutter

Rise in pitch and loudness difficulty starting/sustaining airflow and voicing, frequent revisions of words

What are some common speech behaviors of children who stutter

Speaking in a nonhabitual manner (whispering, change in pitch or speaking rate, speaking monotone), shadowing (repeating another person’s speech) , speaking in chorus, singing, using a metronome, experiencing delayed auditory feedback, speaking to younger children and animals, articulating without phonating (lipped speech), speaking in monotone, and adaptation tasks

What are conditions that reduce the severity of stuttering

Speaking on the telephone, saying one’s own name, speaking to authority figures, speaking to large audiences

What are some conditions that increase the severity of stuttering

Abnormalities in breathing, phonations abnormalities, and abnormalities in articulation

What are the physiological events that occur during stuttering

False

T/f psychotherapy has been very successful in treating stuttering because people who stutter have a lower IQ

Frequency, type, and duration (not all three need to be looked at in every case, loo at frequency first, then type, then duration)

What are the elements of a fluency assessment

Frequency, stuttering secondaries (AMBs), avoidance (emotions and attitudes)

Assessment of stuttering includes