A&P2 LAB EXAM 1 PHYSIOEX AND PROCEDURE

Hematocrit

Refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood

Buffy coat

A layer of white blood cells appears as a thin, white layer between heavier RBC layer and yellow plasma

Measuring the height of the RBC layer and dividing that by the height of the total blood sample.

How is hematocrit determined

42-52%

The avg hematocrit for males is:

37%-47%

The avgt hematocrit for females is:

Anemia

A lower than normal hematocrit indicates:

Polycythemia

A higher-than0normal hematocrit indicates:

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in the RBC

1) inadequate numbers of RBC
2) decreased amount of hemoglobin
3) abnormally shaped hemoglobin

3 possible causes for anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia

When there is inadequate amounts of iron in hemoglobin

Aplastic anemia

The failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC numbers

Sickle cell anemia

_ ____ ______ is an inherited condition in which the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low.

1) living at high altitudes
2) strenuous athletic training
3) tumors in the bone marrow

3 causes of polycythemia

Antigens

All of the cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins called __

Agglutinogens

Antigens on red blood cell membranes are called

Agglutinins

Antibodies in red blood cells are called _

Type O

Blood type with no antigens

Type B

Blood type with both a and b antigens

Type a

Blood type with a antigens

Type b

Blood type with b antigens

type ab

Blood type with no antibodies

Type o

Blood type with both antibodies

Hemothermic

When the human body maintains an internal body temperature within the 35.8-38.2 C range even though the external temperature is changing.

Hyperthermia

Elevated body temperature

Hypothermia

Low body temperature

Poikilothermic

of animals except birds and mammals; having body temperature that varies with the environment

Ringers solution

Consists of essential electrolytes in a physiological solution and is required to keep the isolated, intact heart viable.

Sympathetic nervous system

The _ is activated in times of fight or flight

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

These two hormones increase the frequency of action potentials by binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of sinoatrial node cells

Parasympathetic nervous system

The _ ___ , our resting and digesting branch.

Acetylcholine

Parasympathetic nerve fibers release this neurotransmitter that decreases teh frequency of action potentials by binding to their muscarinic cholinergic receptors embedded in the plasma memrbane of the SA node

Cholinergic

releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound

Adrenergic

Chemical modifiers that inhibit, mimic, or enhance the action of epinephrine in the body are _

Agonist

If the modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter, it is an _

Antagonist

If the modifier works in opposition to the neurotransmitter, it is an __

Pilocarpine

cholinergic agonist used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma

Atropine

A competitive antagonist against parasympathetic nervous system (adrenergic)

Digitalis

Cholinergic agonist

Neutrophil

What is thsi

Lymphocyte

What is this

Erythrocyte

What it’s hsi

Platelets

What is this

Umbilical vein

The _ ____ transports blood rich in oxygen from the mother to the fetus

Umbilical arteries

The _ returns deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta

Placenta

The _ is the site of oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange between fetal and maternal blood

Ductus arteriosus

The __ is the vessel which connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs; it also atrophies after birth

Ductus venosus

The _ is the vessel which permits most blood to bypass the liver, and atrophies after birth

Foramen ovale

The allows blood flow to bypass the lungs

Pulse

The alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle

Dorsalis pedis

What pulse is on the dorsal of the foot

Superficial temporal

Which pulse is on the temple region

Facial artery

Which pulse is on the jaw

Radial artery

Which pulse is on the wrist

Ventricular depolarization

QRS represents

Ventricular repolarization

T wave represents

Atrial repolarization

P wave represents

atrial fibrillation

fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart

Sinus bradycardia

Slower than normal heartbeat

Sinus tachycardia

Faster than normal heartbeat

Ventricular fibrillation

fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest

Closure of the atrioventricular valves

What does the first heart sound associated with

Closure of the semilunar valves

What is associated with the second heart sound

Hypertension

What can a widened pulse pressure indicate?

BPM

How is pulse rate expressed