Refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood
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Buffy coat
A ________ ______ layer of white blood cells appears as a thin, white layer between heavier RBC layer and yellow plasma
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Measuring the height of the RBC layer and dividing that by the height of the total blood sample.
How is hematocrit determined
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42-52%
The avg hematocrit for males is:
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37%-47%
The avgt hematocrit for females is:
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Anemia
A lower than normal hematocrit indicates:
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Polycythemia
A higher-than0normal hematocrit indicates:
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Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in the RBC
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1) inadequate numbers of RBC 2) decreased amount of hemoglobin 3) abnormally shaped hemoglobin
3 possible causes for anemia
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Iron-deficiency anemia
When there is inadequate amounts of iron in hemoglobin
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Aplastic anemia
The failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC numbers
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Sickle cell anemia
_____ ____ ______ is an inherited condition in which the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low.
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1) living at high altitudes 2) strenuous athletic training 3) tumors in the bone marrow
3 causes of polycythemia
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Antigens
All of the cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins called __________
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Agglutinogens
Antigens on red blood cell membranes are called ________
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Agglutinins
Antibodies in red blood cells are called _______
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Type O
Blood type with no antigens
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Type B
Blood type with both a and b antigens
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Type a
Blood type with a antigens
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Type b
Blood type with b antigens
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type ab
Blood type with no antibodies
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Type o
Blood type with both antibodies
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Hemothermic
When the human body maintains an internal body temperature within the 35.8-38.2 C range even though the external temperature is changing.
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Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature
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Hypothermia
Low body temperature
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Poikilothermic
of animals except birds and mammals; having body temperature that varies with the environment
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Ringers solution
Consists of essential electrolytes in a physiological solution and is required to keep the isolated, intact heart viable.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The _____ ______ ______ is activated in times of fight or flight
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Norepinephrine and epinephrine
These two hormones increase the frequency of action potentials by binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of sinoatrial node cells
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The _______ ______ ___ , our resting and digesting branch.
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Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nerve fibers release this neurotransmitter that decreases teh frequency of action potentials by binding to their muscarinic cholinergic receptors embedded in the plasma memrbane of the SA node
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Cholinergic
releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound
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Adrenergic
Chemical modifiers that inhibit, mimic, or enhance the action of epinephrine in the body are _________
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Agonist
If the modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter, it is an _______
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Antagonist
If the modifier works in opposition to the neurotransmitter, it is an __________
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Pilocarpine
cholinergic agonist used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma
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Atropine
A competitive antagonist against parasympathetic nervous system (adrenergic)
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Digitalis
Cholinergic agonist
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Neutrophil
What is thsi
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Lymphocyte
What is this
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Erythrocyte
What it’s hsi
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Platelets
What is this
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Umbilical vein
The _______ ____ transports blood rich in oxygen from the mother to the fetus
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Umbilical arteries
The ________ _____ returns deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta
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Placenta
The _______ is the site of oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange between fetal and maternal blood
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Ductus arteriosus
The _______ _________ is the vessel which connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs; it also atrophies after birth
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Ductus venosus
The _______ ________ is the vessel which permits most blood to bypass the liver, and atrophies after birth
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Foramen ovale
The _____ _____ allows blood flow to bypass the lungs
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Pulse
The alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle
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Dorsalis pedis
What pulse is on the dorsal of the foot
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Superficial temporal
Which pulse is on the temple region
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Facial artery
Which pulse is on the jaw
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Radial artery
Which pulse is on the wrist
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Ventricular depolarization
QRS represents
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Ventricular repolarization
T wave represents
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Atrial repolarization
P wave represents
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atrial fibrillation
fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart
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Sinus bradycardia
Slower than normal heartbeat
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Sinus tachycardia
Faster than normal heartbeat
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Ventricular fibrillation
fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest