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Hematocrit
Refers to the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood
Buffy coat
A layer of white blood cells appears as a thin, white layer between heavier RBC layer and yellow plasma
Measuring the height of the RBC layer and dividing that by the height of the total blood sample.
How is hematocrit determined
42-52%
The avg hematocrit for males is:
37%-47%
The avgt hematocrit for females is:
Anemia
A lower than normal hematocrit indicates:
Polycythemia
A higher-than0normal hematocrit indicates:
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in the RBC
1) inadequate numbers of RBC
2) decreased amount of hemoglobin
3) abnormally shaped hemoglobin
3 possible causes for anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
When there is inadequate amounts of iron in hemoglobin
Aplastic anemia
The failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC numbers
Sickle cell anemia
_ ____ ______ is an inherited condition in which the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules folds incorrectly when oxygen levels are low.
1) living at high altitudes
2) strenuous athletic training
3) tumors in the bone marrow
3 causes of polycythemia
Antigens
All of the cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins called __
Agglutinogens
Antigens on red blood cell membranes are called
Agglutinins
Antibodies in red blood cells are called _
Type O
Blood type with no antigens
Type B
Blood type with both a and b antigens
Type a
Blood type with a antigens
Type b
Blood type with b antigens
type ab
Blood type with no antibodies
Type o
Blood type with both antibodies
Hemothermic
When the human body maintains an internal body temperature within the 35.8-38.2 C range even though the external temperature is changing.
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature
Hypothermia
Low body temperature
Poikilothermic
of animals except birds and mammals; having body temperature that varies with the environment
Ringers solution
Consists of essential electrolytes in a physiological solution and is required to keep the isolated, intact heart viable.
Sympathetic nervous system
The _ is activated in times of fight or flight
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
These two hormones increase the frequency of action potentials by binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of sinoatrial node cells
Parasympathetic nervous system
The _ ___ , our resting and digesting branch.
Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nerve fibers release this neurotransmitter that decreases teh frequency of action potentials by binding to their muscarinic cholinergic receptors embedded in the plasma memrbane of the SA node
Cholinergic
releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound
Adrenergic
Chemical modifiers that inhibit, mimic, or enhance the action of epinephrine in the body are _
Agonist
If the modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter, it is an _
Antagonist
If the modifier works in opposition to the neurotransmitter, it is an __
Pilocarpine
cholinergic agonist used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma
Atropine
A competitive antagonist against parasympathetic nervous system (adrenergic)
Digitalis
Cholinergic agonist
Neutrophil
What is thsi
Lymphocyte
What is this
Erythrocyte
What it’s hsi
Platelets
What is this
Umbilical vein
The _ ____ transports blood rich in oxygen from the mother to the fetus
Umbilical arteries
The _ returns deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta
Placenta
The _ is the site of oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange between fetal and maternal blood
Ductus arteriosus
The __ is the vessel which connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs; it also atrophies after birth
Ductus venosus
The _ is the vessel which permits most blood to bypass the liver, and atrophies after birth
Foramen ovale
The allows blood flow to bypass the lungs
Pulse
The alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle
Dorsalis pedis
What pulse is on the dorsal of the foot
Superficial temporal
Which pulse is on the temple region
Facial artery
Which pulse is on the jaw
Radial artery
Which pulse is on the wrist
Ventricular depolarization
QRS represents
Ventricular repolarization
T wave represents
Atrial repolarization
P wave represents
atrial fibrillation
fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart
Sinus bradycardia
Slower than normal heartbeat
Sinus tachycardia
Faster than normal heartbeat
Ventricular fibrillation
fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest
Closure of the atrioventricular valves
What does the first heart sound associated with
Closure of the semilunar valves
What is associated with the second heart sound
Hypertension
What can a widened pulse pressure indicate?
BPM
How is pulse rate expressed