Shea Chapter 1 and 2 AP Language and Composition

alliteration

Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables

in sequence.

allusion

Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a

work of art.

anaphora

Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.

antimetabole

Repetition of words in reverse order.

antithesis

Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.

archaic diction

Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.

asyndeton

Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or

words.

cumulative sentence

Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of

the sentence and then builds and adds on.

hortative sentence

Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to

action.

imperative sentence

Sentence used to command or enjoin.

inversion

Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).

juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities

or differences.

metaphor

Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.

oxymoron

Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one

another.

parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases,

or clauses.

periodic sentence

Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

personification

Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.

rhetorical question

Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.

synedoche

Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.

zeugma

Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.

audience

The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have

multiple audiences.

concession

An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.

connotation

Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its

dictionary definition, or denotation. Connotations are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.

context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding

a text.

counterargument

An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward.

Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.

ethos

Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.

logos

Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.

occasion

The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.

pathos

Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.

persona

Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or

her audience.

polemic

Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the

superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.

propaganda

The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative

sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.

purpose

The goal the speaker wants to achieve.

refutation

A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound

reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.

rhetoric

As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given

case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.

rhetorical appeals

Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).

SOAPS

A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.

speaker

The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.

subject

The topic of a text. What the text is about.

text

While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" — meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.