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explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and"declare." (Also called declarative memory.)
procedural memory
Memory for skills and habits, most of these memories are implicit, as you don't have to think about "how to" after you have learned the info
Prospective memory
when you remember to perform an action at the appropriate time that you previously intended to accomplish.
working memory
conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.
long-term potentiation
an increase in a nerve cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.
working memory model
a multicomponent system that manipulates information storage for greater and more complex cognitive utility
central executive
a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
phonological loop
a memory component that briefly holds auditory information.
visuospatial sketchpad
a memory component that briefly holds information about objects' appearance and location in space.
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
deep encoding
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially, and the first items in a list after a delay
Levels of processing model
Atkinson-Schiffrin created a three-stage model of memory includes sensory memory, short-term memory and, long-term memory.
Primary memory system
where information is stored temporarily until it has been decided to retain or forget the information
Multi-store model
says that the human memory has three different modes, and a separate control process accompanies each mode.
Categorization
a mental and intellectual process in which objects and ideas are recognized, understood, compared to and differentiated from one another
Maintenance Rehearsal
the process of repeatedly verbalizing about a piece of information to remember it
Elaborative rehearsal
a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered
memory retention
refers to a person's ability to retain (remember) and use information.
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory).
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory).
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system â for example, by extracting meaning.
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
shallow encoding
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory.
short-term memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.
Methods of loci
Involves imagining moving through a familiar series of locations with items to be remembered
retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember events that occurred before the incidence of trauma or the onset of the disease that caused the amnesia
anterograde amnesia
Inability to remember ongoing events after the incidence of trauma or the onset of the disease that caused the amnesia
Alzheimers disease
Physical damage to some part of the brain that causes memory loss
Infantile amnesia
the inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life (generally 0-3 years) and the tendency to have sparse recollection of episodic experiences that occurred before age 10
hierarchies
a system of grouping things according to levels and orders
Massed practice
comprised of training or learning sessions that are long and intense
Distributed practice
also known as spaced practice, is a strategy of learning that makes use of smaller increments of study and practice over a longer period of time
Primacy Effect
the tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better or more easily, or for them to be more influential than those presented later in the series.
Recency Effect
the principle that the most recently/ last items presented items or experiences will most likely be remembered best.
Autobiographical memory
the memory system of a person's life built from a combination of experiences and general knowledge collected over a lifetime.
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
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