monocular microscope

eyepiece lens - magnifies the image ten times

stage - place to microscope slide

objective lens - magnifies by 4, 10 or 40 times

light source - provides light to see specimen

coarse focus - used to make image clearer when using low power objective lenses (eg: 4x or 10x)

fine focus - sued to make image clear when using high power objective lens (eg: 40x)

magnification equation

magnification = eyepiece lens (10) x objective lens (4, 10 or 40)

living organisms

M - movement = all living things move

R - respiration = can get energy from their food

S - sensitivity = can sense what is going on around them

G - growth = all living things can grow

R - reproduce = can reproduce, can have off-spring

E - excrete = gets rid of anything they don’t need

N - nutrition = all living things need nutrients

how an organism is made (flow chart)

cells → tissue → organ → organ systems → organisms

organ systems

what is an amoeba?

a single celled organism

how to prepare a microscope slide

1. put a drop of specimen on it

2. get a clean microscope slide

3. carefully lower the coverslip using the needle

4. use coarse focus on lowest magnification to locate specimen

5. change magnification using fine focus to view the detail of the specimen

animal cell vs plant cell

cell membrane - lets substances into and out of the cell

nucleus - controls the cell, holds instructions for reproduction of cell

cytoplasm - cell reactions happen here

cell wall - helps plant cell keep its shape

chloroplast - contains chlorophyll (makes food for photosynthesis)

vacuole - holds fluid called cell sap

plant reproduction

petal - attracts insects

stigma - catches pollen grains during pollination

anther - produces pollen grains

style - pollen tube grows down

ovary - contains the ovules

sepal - protects the flower when in bud

stamen - male part of the flower, is made up of the anther and filament

carpel - female part of the flower, is made up of the stigma, style and ovary

self pollination

transferred from anthers to stigma on the same plant

cross pollination

carried form the anthers of one plant to the stigma of another

seed diagram

testa - protects seed

cotyledon - stores food

plumule - young shoot (photosynthesis)

radicle - young root (uptake of water and minerals)

micropyle - little pore on the seed coat through which the seed absorbs water for germination

seed distribution

wind - dandelion - seeds are light, may have propellers to catch the wind

animals - strawberries and burdock - eaten by animals and spread in droppings or catches to animal’s fur

water - coconut - seeds transferred by rivers etc

explosive - peas - pods burst open

conditions for germination

W - water

O - oxygen

W - warmth

*light is not needed for germination but is essential for successful plant growth