standing erect, with the palms and feet facing forward. This is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
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sagittal/midsagittal plane
divides the body into right and left portions
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frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into front and back portions
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transverse/horizontal plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
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superior
refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
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inferior
refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body
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anterior
refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body
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posterior
refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body
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medial
refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body
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lateral
refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body
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distal
with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
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proximal
with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
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superficial
refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure
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deep
refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure
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ventral
toward the front/belly
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dorsal
toward the back
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prone
lying face down
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supine
lying face up
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unilateral
pertaining to one side of the body
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bilateral
pertaining to both sides of the body
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flexion
bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
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extension
straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
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hyperextension
extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion
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adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body
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abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body
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pronation
turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down)
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supination
turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up)
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retraction
moving a part backward
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protraction
moving a part forward
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elevation
raising a part
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depression
lowering a part
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rotation
turning on a single axis
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circumduction
tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
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external rotation
rotation of the hip or the shoulder away from midline
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internal rotation
rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
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lateral flexion
side-bending left or right
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inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
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eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
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dorisflexion
ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin
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plantarflexion
ankle movement pointing the foot downward
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radial deviation
movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side
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ulnar deviation
movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
Studied by 86 people
