ANAT & PHYS: PLANES AND DIRECTIONS (Test 3)

anatomical position

standing erect, with the palms and feet facing forward. This is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

sagittal/midsagittal plane

divides the body into right and left portions

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into front and back portions

transverse/horizontal plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

superior

refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

inferior

refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

anterior

refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body

posterior

refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

medial

refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body

lateral

refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

distal

with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb

proximal

with reference to the extremities only, refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb

superficial

refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure

deep

refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

ventral

toward the front/belly

dorsal

toward the back

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

unilateral

pertaining to one side of the body

bilateral

pertaining to both sides of the body

flexion

bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones

extension

straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

hyperextension

extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

pronation

turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down)

supination

turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up)

retraction

moving a part backward

protraction

moving a part forward

elevation

raising a part

depression

lowering a part

rotation

turning on a single axis

circumduction

tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder

external rotation

rotation of the hip or the shoulder away from midline

internal rotation

rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

lateral flexion

side-bending left or right

inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

dorisflexion

ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin

plantarflexion

ankle movement pointing the foot downward

radial deviation

movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side

ulnar deviation

movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side

opposition

movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand