Chapter 22: Metabolism単語カード | Quizlet

What are the eating control centers (hypothalamic centers) in the CNS?

CNS feeding Center

CNS satiety center

The CNS feeding center is _______ active and the CNS satiety center stops food intake by inhibiting the __________ center.

Tonically

Feeding

The cortex detects ____________ in the body

hunger

What are the CNS and GI peptides?

Ghrelin

Leptin

CCK

CRH

What is the function of Ghrelin? Where is its source?

Increases hunger

Stomach

What is the function of Leptin? Where is its source?

Increase satiety

Adipose Tissue

What is the function of CCK? Where is its source?

Increase satiety

Small intestine

What is the function of CRH? Where is its source?

Increase satiety

Hypothalamus

Glycogenesis

Glucose to glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen to glucose

Gluconeogenesis

Amino acids to glucose

Lipogenesis

Glucose/FA to fat stores

Lipolysis

Fat stores to FA & glycerol

Summarize the Metabolic conversion of nutrients

You eat 3 macros:carbs, fats, protein

FATS:

break down into FA+ glycerol and go into the free fatty acid pool for metabolism. Excess FA is stored.

ANY EXCESS NUTRIENTS ARE STORED AS FAT.

CARBS:

break into glucose and excess is stored as fat. Rest enters the glucose pool to be used for brain metabolism, excess is stored as fat, stored at glycogen, used in metabolism in tissues or excreted in urine.

PROTEINS:

breaks into AA, and goes into the AA pool. Excess is converted to glucose. AA pool is used to make proteins, and when they are broken down they contribute back into the AA pool

In the Fed state the bodies reversible pathways switch to ___________ process.

anabolic

During the Fed state, carbs are used for ___________ or ____________.

Metabolism

Stored

During the Fed state, AA are used to make __________ and ___________.

Proteins

Stored

During the Fed state, FA are turned into ____________ so they can be ___________.

Triglycerides

stored

In most cells, Fatty acids undergo ________________ ____________ for energy. Or they enter _________ and are reassembled into triglycerides for storage.

Beta-oxidation

Adipose cells (If you want to access the FA you can break down the TG via lypolysis)

Describe the transport of Lipoproteins in the Fed state

CM enter from instestine, and interact with Lipoprotein lipase. This splits the CM into FA+Monoglyceride and CM remnant. The remnant goes to the Liver to be degraded.

Lipoprotein complexes are made in the

Liver

The liver has what 3 kinds of fats?

Cholesterol

FA

Lipoproteins

What happens to HDL once it leaves the liver?

It travels around the body picking up cholesterol and returning it to the liver. Once its done it is degraded.

Excess cholesterol in the liver can be excreted in the ____________

Bile

During the fasting state the pathway shifts to _____________ to maintain energy levels needed for metabolism

catabolism

How does glucose reach cells during the fasted state?

Glycogen (stored glucose) - Glycogenolysis

Glucose in the blood to reach organs in need

Describe the fasted metabolism?(Liver, Muscle, Brain,Adipose cells)

Liver - glycogen becomes glucose

Brain - use only glucose and ketones for energy

Muscle - glycogen can be used for energy (convert to pyruvate) Muscle also can be use FA and break down their proteins to AA that enter the blood

Adipose cells-

Triglycerids becomes free FA+glycerol

How does the ratio of insulin to glucose change as we go from fed to fasted state?

Fed: more insulin than glucagon

Fasted state: more glucagon than insulin

Insulin increase which glucose, glycogen, fat and protein pathways?

Glucose oxidation (cell respiration)

Glycogen synthesis

Fat synthesis

Protein synthesis

Glucagon increase which Glycogen, glucose, and keto pathways?

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Ketogenesis

What cells produce insulin?

beta cells of pancreas.

What is the purpose of insulin

To increase cellular uptake of glucose

What cells produce glucagon?

alpha cells of pancreas.

What is the purpose of Glucagon?

Increase blood glucose

What do D cells in the pancreas secrete?

somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion)

Glycogen and glucose synthesis during the fed and fasted state

Fed: more Glycogen

Fasted: more glucose

______________ (hormone) dominates in the Fed state

Insulin

____________ is not necessary for glucose uptake in active muscle, which makes it another avenue by which diabetics can regulate their glucose

Insulin

Describe the process by which insulin causes the cell to uptake glucose (increase transport activity)

Insulin binds to a tyrosine receptor

Which changes the shape of the receptor into a dimer which activates second messenger pathways

2nd messengers: alter protein synthesis and existing proteins

Metabolism is changed

Summarize the cascade of events during the fed state

Increased Plasma glucose

Inhibits Alpha cells, B-cells are stimulated

Alpha stimulates insulin, goes tot he liver increases several sythesis and decrease plasma glucose.

______________ (hormone) dominates in fasting metabolism

Glucagon

Glucagon prevents _____________________/comma by increasing the plasma glucose.

hypoglycemia

_________ is the primary target to maintain blood glucose levels

Liver

Summarize how the process of increasing plasma glucose when plasma glucose decreases

Alpha cells are stimulated, increase glucagon, to liver, increases the production of some products.

diabetes insipidus

lack of vasopressin (ADH)

What is the consequence of diabetes insipidus?

Extreme thrist and urination, so you have a high volume being excreted with a low osmolarity.

In Type 1 Diabetes there is no secretion of ____________ meaning that the ______cells have been destroyed

insulin

Beta

Of all diabetes, ___________% have type 1

10

Type 1 diabetics get what 5 consequences without proper treatment

Ketosis

Glucosurea

Diuresis

Acidosis

Coma

Summary of Type 1 diabetes

90% of diabetics are what type?

Type 2

Type 2 diabetics have insulin_____________ which keeps the glucose in the blood _______

insulin

high

Type 2 diabetes maybe due to issues in the _______ or ________ transduction

receptor

signal

What are the chronic complications of Type 2 diabetes?

Atherosclerosis

Renal Failure

Blindness (retina pulled out of place)

Blood vessels become fragile

Gangrene

The fasting plasma glucose of a diabetic is ____________ than a normal subject. What happens after eating

higher

increases for a significant amount of time