Chapter 2 - gr. 10 biology

The Cell Theory

The cell is the simplest unit of life.

All organisms are made up of cells + products.

All cells are made from other cells.

Cell membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that supports and protects the cell. It allows certain substances in while blocking others.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance, mostly made up of water. It holds all organelles and allows the dissolving of raw materials.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell. Creates energy needed for the cell and its functions. Allows cellular respiration and contains maternal DNA.

Lysosomes

Recyclers and digesters of the cell. Breaks down waste into things the cell can reuse.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The empty transport highways of the cell. Contains no ribosomes and transports different substances and materials across the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle that is covered in ribosomes and is located near the nucleus. Works with ribosomes to create protiens.

Ribosomes

Very tiny protein makers. Follows the instructions provided by the nucleus.

Proteins

Folded amino acid chains.

Golgi Bodies

The packaging center of the cell. Receives proteins from the ER and packages it. It is then shipped out of the cell. It also removes waste and secretes mucus.

Vacuoles

Storage areas of the cell, usually filled with water. Carries extra substances that the cell may need.

Nucleus

The brain of the cell. Provides genetic information and controls all cell functions. Contains DNA and has a nuclear membrane.

Cell wall

A wall made of nutritional fibres and cellulose outside of the cell membrane which provides extra protection and security.

Central Vacuole

Very large vacuole that contains water and maintains internal fluid pressure. (Plant cell only)

Chloroplast

Has chlorophyll that creates the green colour in plants. Allows photosynthesis, opposite of respiration.

Asexual reproduction

Offspring from one parent and are genetically identical.

Sexual Reproduction

Offspring from two gametes and have similar characteristics from both parents.

Cell growth

Increasing number of cells instead of the size.

Diffusion

Process of moving substances in and out of the cell from an area of high concentration to lower concentration.

Osmosis

Process of moving fluids (water) through a membrane to an area of higher solute concentration.

3 reasons for cell division

Reproduction, growth, repair

3 stages of the cell cycle

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle where cells are in their normal state, doing their normal daily functions. At the end of this phase, DNA strands are duplicated.

Mitosis

The first stage of cell division and has 4 stages (PMAT)

Prophase

The stage where the cell starts to divide. Chromatin is spun together into chromosomes. Centrioles form spindle fibres and they migrate to the opposite ends of the cell. The nuclear membrane starts to dissolve.

Metaphase

Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of the chromosomes. Nuclear membrane is fully dissolved. Chromosomes are aligned to the equator (middle).

Anaphase

Spindle fibres pull apart chromosomes into sister chromatids. They are pulled apart to the opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase

The last stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms and the chromatids unwind into chromatin. Cell appears to have two nuclei.

Cytokinesis

The last stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm pinches and divides. Two new cells are formed.

Chromatin

Loose DNA

Chromosomes

Condensed and compact DNA

Chromatid

1/2 of a chromosome

Centromere

The centre of a chromosome that gets attached to spindle fibres and gets pulled apart.

Centrioles

Organelle that is involved with the splitting of chromosomes during cell division.

Cancer

A mutation that causes uncontrollable cell growth and where cell division does not stop despite multiple instructions to stop growing. It is not infectious.

Tumour

Lumps/masses created when cells over divide.

Benign Tumour

Tumour that is not cancerous and does not have an effect on surrounding cells, organs, and tissues.

Malignant Tumour

Tumour that is cancerous and has an effect on surrounding cells, organs, and tissues. Can be life-threatening if not treated.

Metastasis

Cancer cells that spread to other parts of the body.

Hereditary cause

A cause of cancer that relates to the genes run in the family.

Genetic mutation

An unusual change in genetic information within the cell. Usually genetic information should be identical to parent cells, but there are random changes that occur.

Carcinogens

Harmful environmental substances like smoking, radiation and harmful plastics that can cause cancer.

How to prevent cancer?

Going for daily checkups and having a healthy diet with less fatty meat.

Endoscopy

The use of fibre-optic cables for light and very small cameras to detect different diseases. Usually used for colon and stomach related issues.

CT/CAT scan

Pictures and x-rays put together on a computer to detect diseases and to form detailed images of the body.

Ultrasound

The use of high frequency sound waves to create images. Usually used for detecting problems in soft tissue (heart, liver).

MRI (Mechanical Resonance Imaging)

The use of radio waves and strong magnetic fields to capture pictures in lots of detail. A very slow and tedious process.

Biopsy

The process of surgically removing a sample of cells to test and check if there is cancer.

ABCD (moles)

Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter

Surgery (cancer treatment)

Surgically removing cancerous tumours and cells.

Chemotherapy

Destroying cancer cells through the use of drugs. Can cause nausea, hair loss, fatigue etc.. Shrinks tumours in preparation for radiation treatment.

Radiation Treatment

The use of a beam of radiation or placing a radioactive source within cancer cells to destroy them and prevent them form duplicating.

Biophonetics

The use of light to diagnose, monitor and treat cancer.

Anti-angiogenesis

Medicine that targets the capillaries and blood vessels feeding cancer cells with oxygen and nutrients.

Specialized cells

Cells that can preform specific functions

Red blood cells

Cells that contain lots of hemoglobin which helps carry oxygen around the body. They are squishy and donut shaped making it easy to pass through blood vessels. They travel in single file.

Skin Cells

Flat, overlapping cells that are tightly packed together. They cover the body and provides protection (is also waterproof).

Bone Cells

Cells that collect calcium from foods to grow and repair bones. They create the body’s skeleton and deposits bone around them.

Muscle Cells

Long, flexible cells that exist in bundles (muscle fibres). They can contract and they allow bones to move.

White Blood cells

Cells that are able to move around and are flexible. They are able to engulf bacteria (likely from a vacuole) and can destroy it. These cells fight infections.