A&P Test 3--Muscles, Joints, Nervous System

types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joints

made of dense irregular CT, syn/amphiarthrotic, little to no movement

types of fibrous joints

gomphosis—found in teeth, immobile

syndesmosis—found between bones like ulna and radius

sutures—found between skull bones

cartilaginous joints

“shock absorbers”, syn/amphiarthrotic, little movement

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis—found in growth plates, eventually turn to cartilage

symphysis—found in invertebral disks and pubic syphilis, symphysis—allows for slight movement

types of synovial joints

plane—allow for sliding, found in carpals/tarsald

hinge—allow for swing, found in knee, elbow

pivot—allow for rotation, founf at humerus, neck

condylar—allow for full movement but rotation, found in fingers, wrist

saddle—no rotation, only in thumb

ball+socket—full movement, found in hips, shoulder

tooth anatomy—gomphosis

alveolar process—> thin spongy tissue surrounding entire tooth

peridontal membrane—surrounds tooth directly

joint anatomy

articular cartilage—pad of hyaline cartilage right between bones

synovial membrane—areolar tissue surrounding joint cavity and synoovial fluid

ligament—surrounds entire joint, cavity bones and all

special movements are in what parts of body

shoulder—depression, elevation

foot—dorsi/plantar flexion, in/eversion

mandible—pro/retraction

thumb—opposition

types of levers

first class—fulcrum in center, load and effort balanced, found in neck

second class—fulcrum in front, like wheelbarrow load made easier to bear, found in foot(tippy toes)

third class—fulcrum in back, effort in middle, requires effort, used when bending elbow to do bicep curls

skeletal muscle components

muscle—>fascicles—→muscle fiber——> myofibrils

skeletal muscle membranes

epimysium (surrounds muscle)—>perimysium(surrounds fascicles)—> endomysium(surrounds muscle fibers)

how are myosin heads released

ATP binds to myosin head—> head released—> ATP~>ADP+P⁺, provides energy for recontraction

types of respiration

anaerobic respiration—> utilizes glycolysis, for short bursts of medium activity

aerobic respiration—>utilizes mitochondria + red blood cells oxygen, used for prolonged/sustained activity, slow

glycolysis—>utilizes stored glycogen, used for short intense activity

types of muscle fibers

slow-twitch—>aerobic respiration, red, many myoglobin, slow oxidative

fast twitch—> fast glycolytic, fast oxidative (usually anaerobic)

types of contractions

ISOMETRIC—does not move muscle

isotonic—involves movement

types of isotonic contractions

eccentric—muscle lengthens, causes more soreness as it pulls agaisnt gradient

concentric—muscle length shortens

cardiac muscle structure

more mitochonrdria, single nucleic

types of cells in nervous tissue

astrocyte—most abundant, helps with neuronal growth and foun near capillaries and perivascular feet

oligodendrocyte—form mylein sheath in CNS

neurolemmocyte—form myelin sheath in PNS

satellite cell—insulates PNS cells

microglial cell—immune cell

ependymal ell—helps with movement/circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, found on outside

steps in neurotransmission

1—action potential causes calcium to release

2—calcium triggers neurotransmitter release

3—neurotransmitter diffuses across presynapcit membrane

4—neurotransmitter signals ligand gates to open

5—ions diffuse in/out

afferent vs efferent neurons

afferent brings toward—sensory

efferent sends away—motor

refractory periods

absolute—no stimulus can be detected—full insensitivity

relative—slightly stronger stimulus needed to overcome

regular—lowered sensitivity to stimulus