Inflammation and Repair

Chapter 2

What are our bodies natural defenses

Physical barrier

-Intact skin or mucosa

Mechanical defense

-Respiratory system’s cilia and mucus

Antibacterial activity

-Enzymes in saliva

Removal of foreign substances

-Flushing action of tears, saliva, urine, and diarrhea

Inflammation process

-White blood cells

What are localized signs of inflammation

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of normal tissue function

What are systemic signs of inflammation

Fever

Leukocytosis

Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)

Lymphadenopathy

What is the sequence of microscopic events

Injury to tissue

Constriction of microcirculation

Dilation of microcirculation → hyperemia → erythema and heat

Increase in permeability

Exudate leaves microcirculation → transudate

Increased blood viscosity

Decreased blood flow

Margination and pavementing of white blood cells

(WBCs) → chemotaxis

WBCs enter tissue → emigration → exudate and edema

WBCs ingest foreign material → phagocytosis

What is hyperemia

Increased blood flow in capillary beds of injured tissue

Will produce erythema (redness) and heat

What is exudate

increased blood plasma and proteins in injured tissue

-helps dilute injurious agents but results in excess fluid in tissues

What is serious (watery) exudate

mainly plasma fluids and proteins, a few WBCs

What is purulent exudate (suppuration)

contains plasma fluids and proteins. tissue debris. and many WBC

What is emigration

The process by which WBCs escape from blood vessels through gaps in endothelial cells

What is chemotaxis

Directed movement of WBCs toward the site of injury

What is phagocytosis

The process by which WBCs ingest and then digest foreign substances

May include pathogenic organisms and tissue debris

What are neutrophils

function is phagocytosis

multilobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm that cantains lysosomal enzyme

derived from stem cells in bone marrow

first WBC recruited to the area of injury

Constitutes 60-70% of WBC population

What are macrophages

function is phagocytosis; play a role in immune system

single round nucleus and do not have granular cytoplasm

Constitue 3-8% of WBC population

derived from stem cells in bone marrow

What are biochemical mediators involved in inflammation

cause many of the events in the inflammatory response