bio 105 exam 4

green algae

where the origin of land plants came from

nonvascular plants

bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts) and pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

bryophytes

flagellated sperm, no lignified cell walls

seedless vascular plants

flagellated sperm, offspring dispersed through sperms, lignified cell walls

gymnosperms

naked seed, cycads/conifers/ginkgoes/gnetophytes

angiosperms

flowering, monocots/eudicots,

moss

only plant with dominant gametophyte

gametophyte

haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle, produces gametes that unite to form diploid zygote

sporophyte

diploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle, produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation

gymnosperms

where fertilization occurs after pollination, zygote develops into sporophyte embryo and ovule becomes seed

sepals

enclose the flowerbefore it opens

petals

attract pollinators

stamen

filament and anther, sac at top of the filament contains male sporangia and releases pollen

carpel

female reproductive structure, has stigma/style/ovary (encloses ovules that contain sporangia that produce female gametophyte

ovules

develop into seeds

ovaries

develop into fruit

birds

attracted by colorful flowers

bats

attracted large scented flowers

beetles

attracted by fruity odors

symmetry, number of tissue layers, and body cavity

animal body plans vary in

types of symmetries

radial (sea star), bilateral (human), asymmetry (sponges)

ectoderm

outer cell layer, gives rise to outer covering of animal

endoderm

cell layer, lining digestive tract

mesoderm

forms muscles and most internal organs (not in sponges)

solid body

no true coelom (flatworm)

true coelom and pseudocoelom

cushions internal organs, allows independent growth of organs (segmented worm and roundworm)

protostomes

opening formed mouth first

duetrostomes

opening formed anus first

spiral and determinate

cleavage of protostomes

radial and indeterminate

cleavage of duetrostomes

splitting of mesoderm

way coelom forms in protostomes

outpocketing of primitive gut

way coelom forms in deuterostomes

only animal without true tissue

sponge

has radial symmetry

cnidarians

are deuterostomes

echinoderms and chordates

are protostomes

flatworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, nematodes

sponges

lack true tissues, suspension feeders, sessile

cnidarians

polyp and medusa

flatworms

simplest bilateral animals, free living/flukes/tapeworms

nematodes

roundworms,

have 2 tissue layers

proifera, ctenophora, cnidaria

molluscs

true coelom and circulatory system, radula to scrape food, have visceral mass/mantle/foot

groups of molluscs

gastropods (snails, slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters), cephalopods (octopus, squids)

annelids

segmented worms, closed circulatory system, true coelom as hydrostatic skeleton

groups of annelids

earthworms, polychaetas (largest), leeches

arthropods

chelicerates(arachnids), millipedes(2 jointed legs per segment)/centipedes (1), crustaceans (crabs,shrimp), insects, open circulatory system, head/thorax/abdomen

complete metamorphosis

larva - pupa - adult

incomplete metamorphosis

larva - adult, no pupa

chordates

dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, postanal tail

tunicates

no brain

lancelets

brain

hagfish

head

lampreys

vertebral column

sharks/rays

jaws

ray finned fish

lungs

lobe finned fish

lobe fins/tetrapods

amphibians

legs, first land tetrapods

reptiles

amniotic egg

mammals

milk

birds

reptile, flight adaptations

placental mammals

bear fully developed lie young

marsupials

brief gestation, pouch

first group of primates

lorises, lemurs, pottos,

second group of primates

tarsiers

anthropoid

monkeys, apes, humans

hominoids

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans