Cell Structures & Organelles
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31 Terms
Q: What are organelles?
A: Specialized structures located within the cytosol of a cell.
Q: What are 3 functions of organelles?
A: Transportation, maintaining fluid balance, isolating toxic chemicals.
Q: What is the plasma membrane?
A: A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell.
Q: What does the plasma membrane do?
A: Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Q: What does the nucleus carry?
A: All of the DNA of the cell.
Q: What surrounds the nucleus?
A: The nuclear envelope (two folded lipid bilayers).
Q: What does the nuclear envelope do?
A: Controls what goes in and out with receptors and channels.
Q: What is the nucleolus responsible for?
A: Assembling ribosomes from proteins.
Q: What is the endomembrane system?
A: A group of interacting organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane.
Q: What organelles are in the endomembrane system?
A: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicles, Golgi bodies.
Q: What is the ER?
A: A membrane-bound organelle folded into sacs and tubes.
Q: What are the two types of ER?
A: Rough ER and Smooth ER.
Q: What is Rough ER?
A: Has ribosomes attached that produce polypeptide chains.
Q: What is Smooth ER?
A: No ribosomes; has many enzymes that produce lipids.
Q: What are vesicles?
A: Small membrane-bound organelles that transport, store, and digest substances.
Q: What is a vacuole?
A: A liquid-filled vesicle that stores waste and maintains water balance (takes up 50–90% of cell).
Q: What is a lysosome?
A: A vesicle that contains digestive enzymes for waste disposal.
Q: What is the Golgi body?
A: Organelle where final protein packaging takes place (ex. attaching phosphate to sugar).
Q: What does a Golgi body look like?
A: Many folds; looks like a stack of pancakes.
Q: What is the mitochondria?
A: Organelle where energy is produced and ATP synthesis occurs during cellular respiration.
Q: Do all cells have the same number of mitochondria?
A: No. Yeast have one, humans have thousands.
Q: What are plastids?
A: Membrane-bound organelles for photosynthesis and storage (only in plants).
Q: What are 3 types of plastids?
Chloroplasts → perform photosynthesis.
Chromoplasts → make/store pigments other than chlorophyll (e.g., carotenoids for red/orange).
Amyloplasts → store starch.
Q: What is the cytoskeleton?
A: A system of filaments that provide structure, help in cell division, and move organelles.
Q: What structures are part of the cytoskeleton?
A: Microtubules, microfilaments, cilia, flagella.
Q: What are microtubules?
A: Long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin; not permanent, assemble/disassemble as needed.
Q: What are microfilaments?
A: Fibers made of actin; strengthen and change the cell’s shape.
Q: What is flagella?
A: A long, whip-like tail that propels cells through fluid; found on one end (ex. sperm).
Q: What is cilia?
A: Tiny hair-like structures covering the cell surface, used for movement.
Q: What is the cell wall?
A: Outermost structure on plant cells; gives support and protection.
Q: What are the two types of cell walls?
Primary wall → thin, pliable cellulose layer; allows growth.
Secondary wall → rigid, thick layer formed later for strength.
Note 
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