week 1

what is the conformational deformity where the limbs deviate towards the midline distal to the affected joint?

Varus

what is the conformational deformity where the limb deviates away from the midline (laterally) distal to the affected joint?

Valgus

Bony structures through or over which tendons pass; usually grooves in the bone and allow tendons to act as pulleys

trochlea

a rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with another bone

condyle

a projection of bone on the lateral edge above its condyle

epicondyle

what type of joint involves the direct connection of the vertebral bodies or intervertebral joints?

cartilaginous joint

what type of joint exists between facets of articular processes of adjacent vertebrae and between atlas and skill and the atlas and axis?

synovial joint

what joint is between the condyles of the skill and the atlas, but movements are restricted to flexion and extension?

atlanto-occipital joint

what joint lies between the atlas and the axis and allows for rotation about a longitudinal axis? (head shaking movement)

atlantoaxial joint

How will a horse be positioned when doing an orthopedic exam?

Weight- bearing and elevated

How will a dog be positioned when doing an orthopedic exam?

Standing and lateral recumbency

What does a head drop when a horse is trotting indicate?

Front lameness

What does a hip hike when a horse is trotting indicate?

Hindlimb lameness

What are the basic limbs of the skeleton connected to the spine by?

Girdle which consists of one long upper bone, two long lower bones, and several smaller bones

What type bones act as levers and have a shaft containing medullary cavity filled with bone marrow?

Long bones

What bones are outer layer of compact bone with a layer of cancellous bone inside, no medullary cavity?

Flat bones ei scapula, ribs

What bones are similar to short bones; less uniform in shape and usually le in the midline and are unpaired?

Irregular bones eg vertebrae

Wha type of bone are sesame- seed shaped, develop within a tendon that runs over bony prominence, and change at the angle at which the tendon passes over the bone and thus reduce wear and tear?

sesamoid bones

What bones contain air-filled spaces called sinuses that have the fact of reducing the weight of the bone?

Pneumatic bones

What type of bones develop in soft organs and are unattached to the rest of the skeleton?

Splanchnic bone

What are the joints between skull bones called?

Sutures

What processes do most vertebrae always have?

Spinous, transverse, articular

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the dog?

13

How many false ribs does the dog have?

3 (10, 11, 12)

Wha ribs create the costal arch in the dog?

10-12

What type of bone is the sternum?

Osseocartilaginous

What is the most cranial sternebra?

Manubrium

What animal has an additional projection on the scapula called the suprahamate process?

Cat

What muscle passes through the intertubercular groove in the humerus?

Biceps brachii

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon

what is the pelvic girdle formed by?

Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

In dogs and cats, each hip bone is composed of 4 fused bones….?

Ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular

What is considered the “hip joint”?

Acetabulum and coxofemoral joint

What muscles are muscles of the back, dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae which form a continuous column?

Epaxial

What are the epaxial muscles innervated by?

Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves

What muscles are ventral to the transverse process of the vertebrae?

Hypaxial

What are the systems of the epaxial muscles?

Ilicostalis, longissimus, transversospinalis

What is the iliocostalis system composed of? function?

Lumbar and thoracis bundles. Lateral flexion of the trunk

What are the components of the longissimus system? Function?

Thoracolumbar, cervical, capital muscle fascicles. Extensors of the back and assist in expiration

What system of the epaxial muscles are often reflected in a laminectomy procedure?

Transversospinalis system

What is the function of the transversospinalis system?

Stabilize the thoracic region of the column and raise the head and neck

What are the short ligaments of the vertebral column?

Interarcuate, intertransverse, interspinous, intercapital

What ligament is associated with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis? What are some symptoms?

Interarcuate . Hindlimb lamb ends, pain in lumbosacral area, arched back, urinary incontinence

What ligament is located between the vertebral arches?

Interarcuate lig

What ligament is between the spinous process of the vertebrae?

Interspinous

What ligament is affected in kissing spine disease in horses?

Interspinous

What ligament prevents intervertebral disc herniation?

Intercapital

What ligament of the vertebral column connects the head of the adjacent ribs in the thoracic region of the vertebral column, helps to stabilize the intervertebral discs by t2-t11?

Intercapital

What long vertebral column ligament prevents hyper extension, protect from injury and disorders contribute to spinal instability?

Dorsal longitudinal

What long ligament of the vertebral column is located on the floor of the vertebral canal from the axis to the sacrum?

Dorsal longitudinal

What long ligament extends from the axis to the sacrum?

Ventral longitudinal

What long ligament of the vertebral column has the functions to stabilize the spine and re-enforce the intervertebral discs and disorders cause spinal instability and intervertebral discs disease?

Ventral longitudinal lig

What epaxial muscle system lies most laterally in the dog?

Iliocostalis

What ligament is described as elastic connective tissue which is the cranial continuation of the Supraspinous ligament into the cervical region?

Nuchal ligament

What part of the nuchal ligament forms a fence started sheath that fills the space between the funicular part and the cervical vertebrae?

Laminar part

What are the functions of the nuchal ligament?

Supports the weight of the head, relieves load from the head when the head is held high and in ungulates provides support to atlantoaxial and atlantoocipital joints

What is the clinical relevance of the bursae associated with the nuchal ligament?

Minimize pressure exerted, pathologically they can acquire septic nuchal bursitis and septic supraspinous bursitis

What are the nuchal bursae?

Cranial, caudal, supraspinous bursa

What is the large opening into the cranial cavity through which the spinal chord continuous as the brain stem?

Foremen magnum

What does every vertebrae contain?

Body, vertebral arch, transverse process, spinous process, articular process

What is the opening between adjacent vertebrae formed by caudal and cranial notches of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae?

Intervertebral foramen

Which cervical vertebrae are not separated by intervertebral discs and why?

C1-C2. The first two vertebrae are unique as the axis and atlas

The last cervical vertebrae has an articulation surface for?

1st rib

What joint is between the atlas and skull?

Atlantooccipital joint

What is the joint between c1 and c2 called?

Atlantoaxial joint

What is unique from c3-c3?

Spinous process gradually increases in height, and presence of transverse foramen

How can one distinguish c6 from c7?

Taller spinous process, unperforated transverse process, presence of facets on caudal extremity of body for articulation with the first pair of ribs

What type of vertebrae has common features such as short bodies, costal facets on extremities for rib heads, stubby transverse process, prominent spinous process?

Thoracic vertebrae

What is a surgical landmark for the first thoracic vertebrae?

Large dorsal spinous process

What vertebrae has common features of absence of costal facets, long flattened transverse directed process, interlocking articular processes, prominent blnt spinous processes?

Lumbar vertebrae

What vertebrae has 2 extra processes known as mammillary process and accessory process?

Lumbar

What vertebrae results from a fusion of the bodies and processes of 3 vertebrae, has 2 pairs of pelvic foramina on ventral surface that transmits the first 2 sacral spinal nerves?

Sacrum

Typically the 4th to 6th caudal vertebrae have the presence of ?

Hemal arches

What joint forms the foramen magnum?

Atlantooccipital joint

What does each intervertebral disk consist of?

Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

The spinal chord are surrounded by 3 continuous membranes or meninges called

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

What is the outer most meninges and is fused with the inner periosteum but separates within the margin of the foramen magnum to form a free tube?

Dura mater

The dura mater is separated from the wall of the vertebral canal by?

Epidural space

What separates the dura mater from the arachnoid?

Subdural space

What is the dura mater and pia mater separated by?

Subarachnoid space

Where is the panniculus reflex found/ used?

Cutaneous layer of skin

What is considered the head of a muscle?

At the origin

What is considered the tail of a muscle?

At the insertion

What is the most fixed part of a muscle?

Origin

What is the more moveable part of muscle?

Insertion or termination

What type of muscle attachment involves dense connective tissue connective spindle-shaped or pinnate muscle to bone?

Tendinous attachment

What type of muscle attachment involves the flat muscles like abdominal wall?

Aponeurotic

What is an example of a prime mover muscle?

Biceps brachii

What is an example antagonist muscle?

Triceps

What type of muscle assists the action of a prime mover in carrying out its function?

Synergistic muscle

What are muscle fascicles bound together by?

Fascia

What are the patterns of fascicles organization?

Parallel, pinnate, circular

How does the patterns of fascicle affect muscle function?

It impacts the direction and strength of a muscle

Between short and long fibers, which has a greater range of motion and covers a greater distance?

Long fibers

do short or long fibers have more force?

Short

What type of muscle arrangement results in a greater range of shortening and this faster movement velocity?

Parallel

What type of muscle arrangement results in a greater cross section along axis of contraction maximizing the muscles force potential but limited range of motion?

Pinnate

What type of muscle fiber is fast twitch, easily fatigued, anaerobic, poor in myoglobin and white in color?

Type 2

What type of muscle fiber is slow twitch, not easily fatigued, aerobic metabolism, rich in oxidative enzymes, red in color?

Type 1

What muscle movement is a movement to straighten bone alignment or open a joint?

Extension