APUSH Unit 7 ID's

“Remember the Maine”

• a national chant that was used to garner support for the U.S. war against Spain

• In response to the sinking of the U.S. battle cruiser “Maine”, allegedly by Spain

  • Later, the cause was found to be internal to the ship

Teller Amendment

• (1898) declared the U.S. had no intention to occupy Cuba during the war against Spain

• Assured the public that the U.S. would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home

Open door policy

• claim by U.S. secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access

• never actually enforced

Root-Takahira Agreement

• 1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan’s authority over Manchuria

• Japan had harsh authority over Manchuria, and China wanted the U.S to intervene

Panama Canal

• U.S obtained zone of Panama that cost $25 million

• took 8 years and cost thousands of workers lives

• gave the U.S. a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere and allowed U.S. naval vessels quick access to the Pacific

Roosevelt Corollary

• assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the U.S. would act as a “policeman” in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of “wrongdoing or impotence” in order to protect U.S. interests in Latin America

• in a way extended the Monroe Doctrine by exercising military force in Latin American countries to keep European countries out.

Zimmerman telegram

• intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers

• promised that if the U.S. entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

• published by American newspapers to help promote the idea of going into WWI

Alfred Mahan

• U.S. naval officer who wrote The Influence of Sea Power

• The ablest and most effective advocate of imperialism.

• He was a captain and an admiral in the Navy.

• He presented his thesis in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which was: Countries with sea power were the great nations of history.

Queen Liliuokalani

• Queen of Hawaii

• was overthrown in 1892 by Marines and the Annexation Club of U.S.

Woodrow Wilson

• The Democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916. He was elected into the presidency as a minority president.

• He was widely known for his political sermons. He was an aggressive leader and believed that Congress could not function properly without good leadership provided by the president.

• His progressive program was known as New Freedom and his foreign policy program was Moral Diplomacy. He was president during World War I.

War Industries Board

• government created agency that directed military production

• Allocated scarce resources among industries, ordered factories to convert to war production, set prices, and standardized procedures

National War Labor Board

• government created agency that established 8 hour day for war workers with time and a half pay for overtime, endorsed equal pay for women, workers’ right to organize

• composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.

Committee on Public Information

• An organization set up by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I to increase support for America’s participation in the war

• was a national propaganda machine that helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent.molded Americans into “one white-hot mass” of war patriotism

• enlisted Four Minute Men to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters

Four-Minute Men

• Name for volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent

Sedition Act of 1918

• passed by Congress to curb dissent

• prohibited any words or behavior that might “incite, provoke, or encourage resistance to the U.S or promote the cause of its enemies

Great Migration

• migration of over 400k African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I

• occurred as a result of the opening of jobs in war industries

National Woman’s Party

• political party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the early twentieth century

• able to draw public attention to the suffrage cause by going on a hunger strike

• Fought for women's rights in U.S. Right to vote

  • put priority on passage of constitutional amendment ensuring women's suffrage

Fourteen Points

• Principles for a new world order proposed in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles.

  • diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, territorial integrity, arms reduction, national self-determination, and creation of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

• The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I

• the United States never became a member state, therefore became weak

Treaty of Versailles

• The 1919 treaty that ended World War I.

• The agreement redrew the map of the world, assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, and saddled it with a debt of $33 billion in war damages.

• was one of the root causes of WWII

• created nine new nations: Finland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Hungary.

  • goal was to protect Western Europe from communist Russia

Herbert Hoover

• The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932 He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity.

• The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States

  • often blamed for the stock market crash.

Alice Paul

• suffragist, feminist and a women's right activist. She was also the main leader for the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and organized the Silent Sentinels protest group.

• She served as the leader of the National Woman's Party for 50 years. Vocation.

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

• The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon

• the Supreme Court ruled that a minimum wage law for women violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it abridged a citizen's right to freely contract labor.

Welfare capitalism

• A system of labor relations that stressed management’s responsibility for employees’ well-being.

• pioneered by Henry Ford

Red Scare

• A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the United States, first after World War I, and led to a series of government raids on alleged communists and anarchists

Palmer Raids

• A series of raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on radical organizations that peaked in January 1920, when federal agents arrested six thousand citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

• first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses

• improved health care for the poor and significantly lowered infant mortality rates

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 

• an organization founded by women activists in 1919

• denounced imperialism, stressed the human suffering caused by militarism, and propose social justice measures

Teapot Dome

• nickname for scandal in which Interior Sec. Albert Fall accepted 300k in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

• part of a larger part of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding’s presidency

• the "high water mark" of cabinet corruption.

Dollar Diplomacy

• Policy emphasizing the connection between America’s economic and political interests overseas.

• Business would gain from diplomatic efforts in its behalf, while the strengthened American economic presence overseas would give added leverage to American diplomacy.

• foreign policy in which the United States lent money to foreign countries in return for the ability to make decisions for the governments of those countries.

A. Mitchell Palmer

• attorney General

• used bombing outside Washington town house to incite public fears towards Communism AKA the Red Scare

• directed raids to arrest alleged communists and anarchists

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

• Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass.

• The trial lasted from 1920-1927.

• Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Prohibition

• The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into effect in January 1920 with the Eighteenth Amendment.

• was repealed in 1933.

American Civil Liberties Union

• An organization formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights.

• mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United State

• got involved in the Scopes trial

Scopes Trial

• The 1925 trial of, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for violating his state’s ban on teaching evolution.

• The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values.

National Origins Act

• A 1924 law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2 percent of that nationality’s percentage of the U.S. population as it had stood in 1890.

• The law severely limited immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Henry Ford

• American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

• pioneered welfare capitalism

Leo Frank

• Jewish factory supervisor who was wrongly accused of the rape and the murder of a 13 year old girl

• his case led to the rebirth of the KKK

Harlem Renaissance

• A flourishing of African American artists, writers, intellectuals, and social leaders in the 1920s, centered in the neighborhoods of Harlem, New York City.

Jazz

• Unique American musical form, developed in New Orleans and other parts of the South before World War I. ______musicians developed an ensemble improvisational style.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

• A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism.

Pan-Africanism

• The idea that people of African descent, in all parts of the world, have a common heritage and destiny and should cooperate in political action.

Lost Generation

• The phrase coined by writer Gertrude Stein to refer to young artists and writers who had suffered through World War I and felt alienated from America’s mass-culture society in the 1920s.

Consumer Credit

• New forms of borrowing, such as auto loans and installment plans, that flourished in the 1920s but helped trigger the Great Depression.

Soft Power

• The exercise of popular cultural influence abroad, as American radio and movies became popular around the world in the 1920s, transmitting American cultural ideals overseas.

• practiced by FDR with his fireside chats

Zora Neale Hurston

• Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

Louis Armstrong

• Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Marcus Garvey

• Harlem political leader,many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s.

• He urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses.

• He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa

Insular Cases

• refer to a series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the early 20th century that established the legal status of territories acquired by the United States following the Spanish-American War, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. These cases addressed questions regarding the applicability of constitutional rights and the extent of U.S. sovereignty in these territories.

• established the principle that the Constitution did not necessarily apply in full to territories under U.S. control, leading to the development of the concept of "unincorporated territories" with limited constitutional protections. This legal framework continues to influence U.S. territorial policy.

Platt Amendment

• was a rider attached to the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill, which defined the conditions for U.S. withdrawal from Cuba after the Spanish-American War. It granted the United States significant control over Cuban affairs, including the right to intervene militarily, in order to protect U.S. interests and maintain stability in the region.

• exemplified U.S. imperialism and interventionism in Latin America, asserting American dominance and influence in Cuba's internal affairs. While it was eventually abrogated in 1934, its legacy shaped U.S.-Cuban relations and perceptions of U.S. interventionism in the region.

Roosevelt Corollary

• was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It asserted the right of the United States to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries to prevent European intervention and maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere.

• represented a significant expansion of U.S. foreign policy, asserting America's role as a "police power" in the Western Hemisphere. It justified numerous interventions in Latin America, often to protect U.S. economic interests, leading to resentment and criticism of U.S. imperialism in the region.

Fireside Chats

• were a series of evening radio addresses given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the American people during the 1930s and 1940s. Roosevelt used these informal and intimate broadcasts to explain his policies, reassure the public during times of crisis, and build public support for his New Deal programs.

• were instrumental in establishing a direct line of communication between the President and the American people, fostering a sense of trust and confidence in Roosevelt's leadership during the Great Depression and World War II.

Hundred Days

• refers to the first three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, from March to June 1933, during which he and Congress implemented an unprecedented flurry of legislative activity to address the economic crisis of the Great Depression. This period saw the passage of numerous New Deal programs and initiatives.

• marked the beginning of Roosevelt's presidency and his ambitious agenda to combat the economic hardships of the Great Depression through government intervention and social reform.

Franklin D.Roosevelt

• was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is best known for his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II, as well as for implementing the New Deal programs to address economic and social challenges.

• presidency transformed the role of the federal government in the United States, ushering in an era of expanded government intervention and social welfare policies to address the needs of the American people during times of crisis.

Welfare State

• refers to a system in which the government plays a key role in providing social services, economic security, and assistance to its citizens, particularly in areas such as healthcare, education, housing, and income support.

• policies implemented by President Roosevelt laid the foundation for the modern welfare state in the United States, establishing programs such as Social Security and unemployment insurance to provide a safety net for citizens during times of economic hardship.

Social Security Act

• was a landmark piece of legislation signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. It established the Social Security system, which provides retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the elderly, disabled, and other vulnerable populations.

• represented a major expansion of the federal government's role in providing social welfare and economic security to American citizens, becoming one of the most enduring and significant programs of the New Deal era.

Classical Liberalism

• a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedom, limited government intervention in the economy, and the protection of property rights. It emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries as a response to absolute monarchy and mercantilism.

• represented a departure from classical significant government intervention in the economy and involved the expansion of social welfare programs to address the effects of the Great Depression. This shift sparked debates over the role of government in society and the balance between individual liberty and collective responsibility.

Fascism

• a far-right authoritarian political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, extreme nationalism, suppression of dissent, and the glorification of violence and militarism. It emerged in Europe during the early 20th century, most notably in Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.

• posed a significant threat to democracy and liberal values during the interwar period, leading to the rise of totalitarian regimes and the outbreak of World War II. The defeat of fascism became a central objective of the Allied powers during the war.

Four Freedoms

• was articulated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech delivered to Congress in January 1941. They included freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

• became a rallying cry for the Allied powers during World War II, symbolizing the values of democracy, human rights, and social justice for which they were fighting. Artist Norman Rockwell famously depicted the Four Freedoms in a series of paintings that captured the American spirit during the war.

Lend-Lease Act

• was a program enacted by the United States in March 1941, allowing the government to lend or lease military equipment and supplies to Allied nations fighting against the Axis powers during World War II, without immediate payment.

• represented a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy toward greater support for the Allies prior to its entry into World War II. It helped bolster Allied war efforts and contributed to the eventual defeat of the Axis powers.

Pearl Harbor

• a naval base located in Hawaii that was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941. The surprise attack resulted in significant damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet and led to the United States' entry into World War II.

• a turning point in World War II, galvanizing public opinion in the United States and rallying support for the war effort. It prompted President Franklin D. Roosevelt to declare war on Japan and marked the beginning of America's involvement in the conflict.

War Powers Act

• a federal law passed by Congress in 1973 in response to concerns over the president's authority to commit U.S. armed forces to military action without congressional approval. It requires the president to consult with Congress and obtain authorization for the use of military force within a specified time frame.

• was enacted in the aftermath of the Vietnam War to limit the president's ability to unilaterally engage in military conflicts abroad. It reflects the constitutional division of powers between the executive and legislative branches regarding war-making authority.

Executive Order 8802

• prohibiting discrimination in defense industries and government agencies on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin. It marked a significant step toward ending racial segregation and discrimination in the United States.

• was a response to pressure from civil rights leaders and the need to address racial inequality during World War II. It paved the way for the desegregation of the military and contributed to the broader civil rights movement in the United States.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

• was a landmark piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress to provide a range of benefits to returning World War II veterans. These benefits included financial assistance for education, unemployment compensation, loans for homes, farms, and businesses, and job placement services.

• was designed to ease the transition of millions of returning servicemen into civilian life and to stimulate economic growth by expanding access to education and homeownership. It had a profound impact on American society, helping to create a robust middle class and contributing to postwar prosperity.

Executive Order 9066

• issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in February 1942, shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It authorized the forced relocation and internment of over 100,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals living on the West Coast of the United States to internment camps during World War II.

• was a controversial and deeply troubling policy that violated the civil liberties and constitutional rights of Japanese Americans. It reflected wartime hysteria, racial prejudice, and fears of espionage and sabotage, but it has since been widely condemned as a grave injustice.

Manhattan Project

• was a top-secret research and development program during World War II, undertaken by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, with the goal of developing the atomic bomb. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which oversaw the project.

• resulted in the successful creation of the world's first atomic weapons, which were used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. It marked a turning point in military technology and had profound implications for the course of the war and the postwar world.

Harry S. Truman

• was the 33rd President of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. He assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt and played a pivotal role in the final stages of World War II, including the decision to use atomic bombs against Japan.

• presidency was marked by significant challenges and achievements, including the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, and the implementation of key domestic policies such as the Fair Deal. He is perhaps best remembered for his decision to authorize the use of atomic weapons and for his leadership during the early years of the Cold War.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• the 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. He was a key figure in the Allied victory in Europe and later served as Supreme Commander of NATO forces during the Cold War.

• presidency was marked by a focus on Cold War diplomacy, efforts to contain communism, and the expansion of the interstate highway system through the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act. He is also known for his warning against the growing influence of the military-industrial complex in his farewell address.