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What is the purpose of staining in bacteriology?
To observe and appreciate the appearance, to differentiate one organism from another, helps identification of organisms and its special structure
What are the general rules in bacterial stains?
Basic stain should be used, young culture should also be used
This type of stain only uses one type of stain or only has one solution
Simple stain
What are the simple stains in BACTERIOLOGY
Methylene blue and Victoria Blue Dye
What is an example of stain that can be used as a simple stain and as a special stain?
Methylene Blue
Methylene Blue and Victoria Blue Dye stains the ______ of the bacteria
Cell wall
What type of stain stains the background while the bacteria itself remains colorless?
Indirect Stain
Indirect stain is also known as?
Relief stain and negative stain
Which of the indirect stain colors the background BLACK?
India ink and Nigrosin
What relief stain colors the background red?
Congo red
What negative stain colors the background purple?
Anthony
Cryptococcus neoformans are what type of fungi?
Dimorphic fungi
C. neoformans has 2 forms which are?
Yeast form and fungal form
What is the best way to demonstrate C. neoformans is to use what?
India ink in Barrs method
Negative stains are useful in demonstrating?
Capsulated organisms
This type of stain stains specific structure of the bacteria
Special stain
All of the following are capsular stains, EXCEPT:
a. Hiss
b. Neisser
c. Welch
d. Muir
e. Tyler
f. Gin
LETTER ONLY
B
What color is the capsular stain HISS?
Pale brown
What color is the capsular stain TYLER?
Light violet
What color is the capsular stain WELCH?
Pale violet
What color is the capsular stain GIN?
Light blue
What color is the capsular stain WALDSWORTH?
Blue
All of the following are endospores, EXCEPT:
a. Bacillus anthracis
b. Clostridium tetani
c. Clostridium botulinum
d. Lactobacillus acidophilus
LETTER ONLY
D
What is the location of the spores of Bacillus anthracis?
Centrally located
What is the location of the spores of Cryptosporidium botulinum?
Subterminal spore
What is the location of the spores of Clostridium tetani?
Terminal spore
What is the appearance of Bacillus anthracis?
Bamboo fishing rod appearance
Clostridium or Bacillus. Which is catalase negative (-)
Clostridium
Clostridium or Bacillus. Which is catalase positive (+)
Bacillus
TRUE OR FALSE. Bacillus are known to be aerobic which means they do require oxygen
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE. Cryptosporidium are known to be anaerobic which means they do not require oxygen
FALSE
All of the following characteristics are used to determine the bacteria with endospores present, EXCEPT
a. Location of the spores
b. Oxygen requirement
c. pH requirements
d. Presence of enzyme catalase
e. Appearance
LETTER ONLY
C
What is the primary stain of Wirtz & Conklin
Malachite green
What is the counterstain of Schaeffer and Fulton?
Safranin
What is the primary stain of Dorner’s?
Carbon fuchsin
What is the counterstain of Dorner’s?
Nigrosin
What is the color of the spores when stained with Wirtz & Conklin
Green
What is the color of the spores when stained with Dorner’s
Red
Flagellar stains are all incorporated with?
Tannic Acid
Tannic acid ____ the flagella to be able to visualize flagella more
Swells
Enumerate all the flagellar stains
Gray, Fisher & Conn, Leifson
Metachromatic granules are also known as?
Babes-Ernst and Volutin
Babes-ernst is the inclusion body present in what bacteria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Color of Albert in Metachromatic granules stain
Blue-black
Color of Neisser in Metachromatic granules stain
Dark blue
Color of Ljubinsky in Metachromatic granules stain
Dark violet
Color of ponder in Metachromatic granules stain
Dark Red
Color of LAMB in Metachromatic granules stain
Red
Meaning of “LAMB” in Metachromatic granules
Loeffler Alkaline Methylene Blue
What stain in metachromatic granules stain colors purple or violet
Burke’s modification of the Gram Stain
What media is used to enhance the presence of metachromatic granules?
Pi slant and Loeffler’s serum media
Halberstaedter prowazek is also known as?
Elementary bodies
Elementary body is a type of inclusion bodies containing a carbohydrate known as ________ present in the bacteria __________
Glycogen; Chlamydia trachomatis
Stains for Halberstaedter prowazek
Macchiavello, Castaneda, Gimenez
Which stains of Halberstaedter prowazek are red in color?
Macchiavello and Gimenez
_________ is an inclusion body present in __________ that does not have a glycogen
Levinthal Cole Lillie; Chlamydia psittaci
What inclusion body is present in Yersinia pestis?
Bipolar bodies
Stains of bipolar bodies
Wayson and Methylene Blue
What is the more preferred stain in bipolar bodies?
Wayson
Wayson is more effective in demonstrating the __________
Safety pin appearance of Yersinia pestis
Stain/s for nucleoid
Feulgen
This stains the DNA present in the nucleoid region
Feulgen
All of the following are are stains for spirochetes, EXCEPT:
a. Fontana Tribondeau
b. Levaditi SIlver Impregnation
c. Eosin
d. India ink
C
What is the color of spirochete when stained with India ink?
a. Dark brown
b. black
c. Red
d. Blue
Letter only
None of the choices
What are the bacteria stained with Castaneda, Machiavello, and Giemsa?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
(differential staining) Gram staining was discovered by
Hans Christian Gram
A staining method of differentiating two large groups of bacteria
Differential staining
Differential staining stain what structure of a bacteria?
Peptidoglycan layer
The purpose of using acetone alcohol/95% alcohol in gram stain is to remove the ___________ present in ___________
Lipopolysaccharide; Gram negative
All are examples of COCCI GRAM NEGATIVE (-), EXCEPT:
a. Neisseria
b. Branhamella
c. Veillonella
d. Moraxella
e. All of the above
Letter only
E
All BACILLI are GRAM NEGATIVE (-), EXCEPT?
Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Gram positive bacilli
What are GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI?
Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Actinomyces, Rothia, Kurthia
Which of the acid fast organism are theoretically gram positive wherein their peptidoglycan layer is thick and can resist gram staining
Mycobacteria
What are an example of bacilli that are known to be mollecutes and are cell wall deficit
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma
All spirochetes are reported as gram _______
Negative
TRUE OR FALSE. We do not do staining in spirochetes
TRUE
What is the most preferred microscope for spirochetes?
Dark field Microscope
Yeasts are known to be gram _____
Positive
Bacteria that is not applicable for gram staining are?
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma, spirochetes, Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What are the reason why gram positive sometimes becomes false gram negative
Old colonies used, over-decolorization, Using acidic iodione, penicillin, omits mordant in staining
What are the reason why gram negative sometimes becomes false gram positive
Under-decolorization and thick smear
The cell wall of Acid-Fast Organisms has _______ that caused them to be resistant to gram staining
Mycolic acid/hydroxy methoxy acid
What are the bacteria that are acid-fast organisms
Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Tsukamurella, Gordonia, Legionella micdadei
What are the protozoans that are acid-fast organisms
Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Sarcocystis, Cyclospora
For protozoans, the acid fast staining we use is?
Modified Kinyoun Method
2 Most common method of Acid Fast Staining
Ziehl Neelsen Method and Kinyoun Method
Which method is more useful for Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM)
Ziehl Neelsen Method
This is a test used when we want to determine if there is a presence of M. tuberculosis in the patient
Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy
Decolorizer of Modified Kinyoun Method
1% Sulfuric Acid
Which of the acid fast stains has no mordant?
Rhodamine-Auramine Method
In Rhodamine-Auramine Method what color is produced when there is a presence of acid fast organism?
Bright yellow or orange fluorescence under green background
Decolorizing agent in Rhodamine-Auramine method
0.5% Acid alcohol
What specimen is used in pappenheimer?
Urine
What specimen is used in baumgartens?
Tissue specimen
Pappenheimer is used to differentiate what?
M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis
Baumgartens is used to differentiate what?
M. leprae and M. tuberculosis
Fite faraco is for the identification of?
M. leprae
Counterstain used in fite faraco?
Hematoxylin
_______ stains fungal cell wall as this has great affinity to ______
Calcofluor white; chitin
Giemsa is also used to demonstrate bacteria such as?
Borrelia