Geography: Resource and Consumption

studied byStudied by 7 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Emerging markets

1 / 75

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

76 Terms

1

Emerging markets

Countries with low to middle per capita income that have undertaken economic development and begun to “emerge” as significant players in the global economy

New cards
2

International poverty line

Monetary threshold under which an individual is considered to be living in poverty

New cards
3

Poverty

The state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person’s basic needs

New cards
4

Purchasing power parities

Exchange rates that account for relative price differences across countries

New cards
5

Scale

places identified at a variety of geographic scales, from local territories to the national or state levels. e.g. Climate change affects the world at a planetary level

New cards
6

Poverty reduction

  • main success of MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) was the global reduction of extreme poverty

  • number of people living in poverty in LICs went from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015

New cards
7

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

New cards
8

Middle class

People who have approximately 33% of their income left over after paying for essentials

New cards
9

Middle class consists of…

  • non-manual workers

  • middle management

  • small business owners

New cards
10

Why does middle class grow

as mean global income increases and absolute poverty falls, the balance between rich and poor shifts, growing the global middle class

New cards
11

Increase in average incomes and fall of poverty caused:

  • Increase in the proportion of the world’s population that is neither rich nor poor

  • Finds itself in the middle of the income distribution

New cards
12

Disposable Income

Household disposable income measures the income of households (wages, salaries, social benefits, etc.) after taking into account the payment of taxes and social contributions. The money you have left to spend or save.

New cards
13

Socio-economic impacts of a growing middle class

  • Will help to increase sales of goods such as electrical goods, mobile phones, cars, etc.

  • people will have better access to educational and medical services

New cards
14

Environmental impact of a growing middle class

  • Increased disposable income, more vacations which results in increase of ecological footprints

  • Resource consumption increases

New cards
15

Ecological footprint

The area of land and water required to support a given human population at a particular standard of living. Can be measured in global hectares or in number of Earths

New cards
16

Biocapacity

The Earth’s bioproductive land and sea (includes forests, croplands, pastures, etc.). This is not only to provide food, but also to absorb water

New cards
17

Demand

The amount of bioproductive land we need to provide our resources and space for infrastructure and to absorb the waste that we produce

New cards
18

Carbon footprint

total amount of greenhouse gases that are generated by our actions

New cards
19

Water footprint

total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by individuals, communities and businesses

New cards
20

Factors that increase ecological footprint

  • relying heavily on fossil fuels

  • meat-rich diets

  • high level of imported resources

  • large per capita consumption of food

New cards
21

Ecological overshoot

when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem

New cards
22

How countries can reduce ecological footprint

  • Stricter caps on carbon use for companies

  • Encouraging environmentally friendly choices by offering benefits

  • Limiting imports of tropical fruits and other products

  • Campaigns and initiatives to protect animals and plants (ecoduct)

New cards
23

Increasing demand for food due to

  • Rising population

  • Growth in middle class (diet change)

  • Increasing urbanisation (fast-food higher demand)

  • Increased levels of wealth (minimum wage)

New cards
24

Under-nourishment

Food intake not containing enough energy, calories, etc.

New cards
25

Malnutrition

Food intake lacking essential nutrients

New cards
26

Issues limiting availability of food for LEDCs

  • Exports limit left over supply

  • Crops generated for cash, not food

  • Demands for bio-fuel crops; “loss” of fertile farmland

  • Corrupt governments

  • Low levels of technology

New cards
27

Issues limiting availability of food for both M/LEDCs

  • Natural hazards - floods, forest fires & droughts

  • Climate change - droughts & global warming

  • Dietary change - more people meat dependent

New cards
28

Energy grid

Interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers

New cards
29

Fossil fuels

Hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals

New cards
30

Low carbon power

Electricity produced with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fossil fuel power generation

New cards
31

Modern energy

Access to electricity and to clean cooking facilities

New cards
32

Global energy

Major consumers are the HICs. Demand for and use of energy sources by NICs has been rapidly increasing

New cards
33

Fossil fuel advantages

  • relatively cheap

  • very efficient

  • technology already available

  • can be delivered over long distances by pipelines

New cards
34

Fossil fuel disadvantages

  • unsustainable/non-renewable

  • difficult & dangerous to extract

  • contributes to climate change

  • high risks building nuclear power plants

  • coal mining → degraded land

  • may run out

New cards
35

Renewable energy advantages

  • green energy

  • no combustion of greenhouse gases

  • sustainable; will not run out

New cards
36

Renewable energy disadvantages

  • costly

  • not as efficient as fossil fuels

  • can disrupt ecosystems

  • unpredictable

  • can displace people

New cards
37

Desalination

process that takes away mineral components from saline water

New cards
38

Energy pathways

flows of energy from producer to consumer

New cards
39

Energy security

a country’s ability to secure all its energy needs

New cards
40

Food security

when all its people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

New cards
41

Water security

continuing access to safe drinking water and sanitation

New cards
42

Geopolitics

the struggle over control of geographical entities with an international and global dimension, and the use of such geographical entities for political advantage

New cards
43

Water, food, energy nexus

the interrelationship, interdependence and interactions between water, food and energy. Refers to the very close links between the three and the ways in which changes in one have an impact on the others

New cards
44

Water, food, energy nexus diagram

knowt flashcard image
New cards
45

Goal of nexus

Achieve water, food and energy security objectives and sustain efficient use of available resources

New cards
46

How does climate change affect the nexus

Droughts → dry land/no precipitation leads to less water availability and destroyed crops = no food. Also limits the water needed for hydropower

New cards
47

Solid domestic waste

A waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public (garden, kitchen. household, etc.)

New cards
48

Prevention (method of waste disposable)

eliminate demand altogether (changing lifestyles)

New cards
49

Recovery (method of waste disposable)

capture some value by converting it into something else

New cards
50

Disposal (method of waste disposable)

discard of waste in landfill sites

New cards
51

Recycled waste

recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances

New cards
52

Incinerated waste

the process of burning hazardous materials at temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants

New cards
53

E-waste

the disposal of electronics

New cards
54

Why is waste relocated to LEDCs

  • weaker environment controls and laws

  • cheaper land

  • lower labour costs & more relaxed labour laws

  • more relaxed health and safety laws

New cards
55

Divergent thinking

process of creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem that you are trying to solve

New cards
56

Optimistic

hopeful and confident about the future

New cards
57

Pessimistic

tending to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen

New cards
58

Stewardship

the conducting, supervising or managing of something, especially: the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one’s care

New cards
59

Malthus theory

if the population would grow at an exponential rate, the food production would reach a certain “point of crisis”

<p>if the population would grow at an exponential rate, the food production would reach a certain “point of crisis”</p>
New cards
60

Boserup’s theory

increase in population will increase the demand for food and will result in new agricultural methods to produce more food and to keep up with the demand

<p>increase in population will increase the demand for food and will result in new agricultural methods to produce more food and to keep up with the demand</p>
New cards
61

Neo-Malthusian

food production and population growth would grow at an exponential rate, but technological advances only at a constant rate

New cards
62

Resource stewardship

concept suggesting that humans can use resources in such a way that they will be available to future generations

New cards
63

Global commons

areas that lie outside the political reach of any nation state (the high seas, Antarctica, the atmosphere and outer space)

New cards
64

Anthropocene Epoch

the most recent period in Earth's history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet's climate and ecosystems.

New cards
65

Tragedy of the commons

a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users act independently according to their own self-interest, usually resulting in a negative impact on the whole system

New cards
66

Systems approach

based on the generalisation that everything is interrelated and interdependent

New cards
67

Linear economy

a system in which people buy a product, use it, and then throw it away. Has a start and end

<p>a system in which people buy a product, use it, and then throw it away. Has a start and end</p>
New cards
68

Reuse economy

by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items – helps save time, money, energy and resources.

<p>by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items<span> – helps save time, money, energy and resources.</span></p>
New cards
69

Circular economy

a system where materials never become waste and nature is regenerated.

<p>a system where materials never become waste and nature is regenerated<span>.</span></p>
New cards
70

Key principles of circular economy

  • preserve and enhance natural capital by controlling finite stocks and balancing renewable resource flows

  • optimise resource yields by circulating products, materials and components

  • develop system effectiveness by eliminating negative externalities (polluted oceans, climate change, etc.)

New cards
71

Virtual/Embedded water

water that is hidden in the products, processes and services people buy/use everyday

New cards
72

Blue water

Fresh surface and groundwater, the water in freshwater lakes, rivers, aquifers, ice caps and glaciers (3% of Earth’s water)

New cards
73

Grey water

polluted water, domestic wastewater generated in households (e.g. toilets, sinks, showers, etc.)

New cards
74

Green water

water found in soil, precipitation on land that doesn’t run off/recharge the ground water but is stored in/on top of the soil

New cards
75

Virtual water imports/trades

Useful for LEDCs because they can import water-intensive products for the public and save their domestic water

New cards
76

Importance of measuring the virtual water trade

allows more water rich countries to benefit from their abundant resources by producing and exporting items with a high-water demand

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 103 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (21)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (47)
studied byStudied by 20 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (101)
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (99)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (81)
studied byStudied by 24 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (60)
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (61)
studied byStudied by 76 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (21)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot