Organic Families

Alkane

C-C, C-H

Alkene

C=C

Alkynes

Carbon triple bonded to another carbon

Arenes

aromatic ring

Alcohol

-OH

Phenols

Aromatic ring attached to -OH

Ether

C-O-C (oxygen linking 2 carbons)

Carbonyl

C=O

Carboxyl Group

carbonyl attached to an -OH

hydroxyl group

-OH

Aldehydes

carbonyl attached to at least 1 hydrogen atom at chain end

Ketones

carbonyl within chain attached to two other carbon atoms

     O

     ||

C- C-C

Carboxylic Acids

carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group and a carbon

O

||

C-C-O-H

Esters

C-O-C linkage where one carbon is a carbonyl group

O

||

C-O-C

Amides

nitrogen attached to a carbonyl carbon

O

||

C-N

Amines

nitrogen with single bonds (NH₂)

Nitriles

carbon triple bonded to nitrogen

Halides

a halogen single bonded to a carbon

Thiols

an -SH group single bonded to a carbon

Sulfides

C-S-C linkage