AP Euro Chapter 12

Renaissance

a French word meaning “rebirth”, used to describe the rebirth of culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th-16th centuries

patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles

communes

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles

popolo

disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power and their high taxes

signori

government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers

courts

magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers live, conducted business, and supported the arts

humanism

a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

virtù

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one’s own will

Christian humanists

northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their religious traditions

debate about women

debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women’s qualities and proper role in society

New Christians

a term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity, they included Christian families that converted centuries earlier

Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States

five powers of italy in 15th century (EQ 1)

overseas trade, commercial hubs

Italian city-states became wealthy through _____ and they became _______. (EQ 1)

Medici family

one of the families who dominated the banking in Florence and they spent their profits on the cities and urban industries. They also ruled Florence politically. (EQ 1)

communes

northern italian cities were ______ with merchant guilds that kept civil order. (EQ 1)

smaller city-states

The five powers dominated Italy and ruled the ______ promising the cities prosperity. (EQ 1)

humanism

main intellectual aspect of the Renaissance and it emphasized the study of Latin and Greek literature to understand human nature. (EQ 2)

Christian humanism

similar to humanism but it believed Christian and classic cultures should be combined to reform the Church. (EQ 2)

religious beliefs

Renaissance art mainly included ______. (EQ 2)

patrons, pagon

some artists shifted to portraits of the ______ or to _____ gods and goddesses. (EQ 3)

realism

The art also began to be portrayed in more realistic ways through ______. (EQ 3)

Giotto

______ portrayed the human body and face more realistically (EQ 3)

oil paint, woodcuts

techniques introduced during renaissance (EQ 3)

mannerism

when artists distort figures, exaggerate musculature, and heighten color to express emotion. (EQ 3)

Titian

artist who used the style of mannerism (EQ 3)

nobles

often were the wealthiest class and they owned lots of land. (EQ 4)

wealthy merchants

people who started overseeing huge trading empires. (EQ 4)

hierarchy based on wealth

this hierarchy replaced noble and commoner hierarchy (EQ 4)

wealthy commoners

but nobles still had higher status than ______. (EQ 4)

women, other races

______ were often looked down upon compared to men and so were people of _____. (EQ 4)

Charles VIII of France

______ created the first royal army and he used it to control the nobles and came to an agreement about church and state powers. (EQ 5)

Henry VII of England

_______ worked to restore royal prestige by crushing the noble power and establishing law and order. (EQ 5)

small landowners, urban residents

King Henry VII selected ______ and ______ to be in the council instead of nobles. (EQ 5)

aristocratic threats

_______ to the Crown and council were dealt with and left the country at peace. (EQ 5)

shipbuilding

Venice, Genoa, Milan, and other Northern Italian cities became very rich through trade and they made advancements in _______ which allowed them to sail faster and carry more goods.

Florence

located on fertile soil along the Arno River, was a commercial hub that became wealthy by buying and selling goods throughout Europe.

Edward III of England

_______ rejected his debts, causing Florentine bankers to go bankrupt.

communes formed by merchant guilds

______ built and maintained the city walls, regulated trade, collected taxes, and kept civil order in northern italy.

oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

oligarchy

The merging of northern Italian nobles and commercial elites created an ______

popolo

established republics in many cities and they asserted their power with military leaders

signori

Italian cities became _____ but oligarchies remained the front of republics with branches being limited to the wealthy class.

powerful, balance of power

When one Italian state became more _____, the other states worked to make a ______ together.

Milan and France

Venice and Florence were invaded by ______

Savanorala

Dominican friar _____ already preached in popular sermons that God would punish Italy for their sins.

excommunicated

to be formally excluded from the church's communion and sacraments

Savanorala

______ became the ruler of Florence, but people got tired of his strict rules and was excommunicated

Habsburg-Valois wars

The French Invasion made Italy the center of the _______.

1870

Italy unified in ____

educated themselves, argued

women disagreed with humanists and they ______ in classics and _____ in letters that reason that education wasn’t limited to just men.

Castiglione’s The Courtier

had a huge influence on education; talked about what an educated man should do and be like and also talked about the characteristics of a perfect court lady.

Machiavelli

secretary to a governing official in Florence after the Medici fell, was tortured after the Medici came back on suspicion of plotting against them and then he lost employment.

Machiavelli

published The Prince which talks about the necessities of a good leader and government.

medieval philosophers, security and safety

_______ believed that governments should be judged on how they derive from God’s principles but Machiavelli believed governments should be judged on how well they maintain ______.

Erasmus

made a Latin translation of the New Testament with the first printed Greek edition

printing press

was invented in 1440 in Germany by Johann Gutenberg

printing press

helped make books faster, making the book market expand and helped increase the literacy of laypeople.

Michelangelo

hired by Pope Julius II to paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel in 1508

Florence, Rome, popes and cardinals

The art center was ______ but it shifted to ______ in the 16th century; ______ spent huge amounts to beautify the city

genius

term used to describe Renaissance artists after people recognized art as the creation of a unique personality

women art, women artists

________ was considered minor art, had no known ______ since they didn’t include their names

trained, 20th century

geniuses had to be ______ in art techniques; untrained genius artists began in _____

Africans

made up 10% of Portuguese cities in the 15th century and made up a huge work force in Portugal, Spain, Italy

black servants

in high demand because people thought they were exotic servants

confederation

until 1700, spain remained a _____ of separate kingdoms, each with its own laws, courts, and taxes

anti-semitism

was strong in 14th century due to preaching against, economic dislocation and scapegoat for black death

40

_____ percent of Jews were killed or converted to Christianity

Inquisition

started to find and punish converted Jews who acted against Christianity by secretly following Jewish beliefs (like not eating pork)

expelled, 150,000

in 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand _____ all Jews and ____ left.

Muslims, blood purity

____ in granada were baptized (New Christians), and religious orthodoxy and _____ was basis of Spain.

1350

Petrarch develops ideas of Humanism

1434-1737

Medici family in power in Florence

1440s

Invention of movable metal type

1447-1535

Sforza family in power in Milan

1455-1471

Wars of the Roses in England (York vs Lancaster)

1469

Marriage of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon

1477

Louis XI conquers Burgundy

1478

Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain

1492

Spain conquers Granada, ending reconquista; practicing Jews expelled from Spain

1494

Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France

1508-1512

Michelangelo paints ceiling of Sistine Chapel

1513

Machiavelli writes The Prince

1563

Establishment of first formal academy for artistic training in Florence