thurs- plasma proteins Qs

#### Plasma Proteins in Diagnosis
1. *Question:* What are the primary functions of plasma proteins

- *Answer:*
- Colloid osmotic pressure
- Transport
- Acute phase reactions
- Enzyme activity

2. *Question:* Which plasma protein is NOT a glycoprotein

- *Answer:*
- Albumin

3. *Question:* What condition is indicated by hypoalbuminemia and what are its clinical symptoms

- *Answer:*
- Condition: Edema
- Symptoms: Swelling due to decreased oncotic pressure

4. *Question:* Which plasma proteins increase in nephrotic syndrome

- *Answer:*
- α2-macroglobulin
- β2-microglobulin
- α2-globulins

1. *Question:* What are the key enzymes analyzed for liver function and their associated conditions

- *Answer:*
- Alanine transaminase (ALT): Acute viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis
- Aspartate transaminase (AST): Hepatitis, myocardial infarction, hemolysis
- Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Cholestatic liver disease, hepatocellular damage

2. *Question:* Which enzymes are elevated in acute pancreatitis

- *Answer:*
- Amylase
- Lipase

3. *Question:* What is the significance of the AST/ALT ratio in diagnosing liver diseases

- *Answer:*
- AST/ALT ratio > 2.0: Alcoholic liver disease
- AST/ALT ratio < 1.0: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

1. *Question:* Which enzymes are crucial in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and their peak times

- *Answer:*
- Troponin I: Peak time at 12 hours, released 2-4 hours after MI
- Creatine kinase (CK-MB): Peak time at 10-24 hours, released 3 hours after MI
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Peak time at 72 hours (too late for early detection)

2. *Question:* Which enzyme is measured by trypsin inhibitory capacity and what disease is associated with its deficiency

- *Answer:*
- Enzyme: α1-Antitrypsin
- Disease: Pulmonary emphysema

3. *Question:* What proteins are used to detect Wilson's disease and nephrotic syndrome

- *Answer:*
- Wilson's disease: Low levels of ceruloplasmin
- Nephrotic syndrome: Increased levels of α2-macroglobulin and β2-microglobulin

1. *Question:* What laboratory tests are associated with symptoms of acute infection or injury

- *Answer:*
- C-reactive protein: First protein to increase in acute infection or injury
- Elevated levels indicate acute phase reactions

2. *Question:* What symptoms and enzyme results are indicative of cholestatic liver disease

- *Answer:*
- Symptoms: Jaundice, dark urine, pale stools
- Enzyme results: Elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

3. *Question:* How can renal failure be differentiated from acute pancreatitis using enzyme levels

- *Answer:*
- Acute pancreatitis: Elevated amylase and lipase
- Renal failure: Amylase may also be elevated but not as specific

5. *Question:* Which plasma protein level is used to monitor fetal conditions and what are the indications of abnormal levels

- *Answer:*
- Protein: Alpha-fetoprotein
- High levels: Neural tube defects
- Low levels: Down syndrome