APUSH Ch. 12 Reform Mvmts

Shakers - Goal

sinless religious community

Shakers - Time Period

late 1700s origin; moved to NY in 1787, peaked in the 1840s

Shakers - People

Mother Ann Lee - founder

Shakers - Place

England, then upstate NY

Shakers - beliefs

god was male and female; genders were spiritually equal bout each man had a “sister” to take care of washing + showering; celibacy

Shakers - Turning Points

1787 move to NY

Shakers - tactics

Religious appeal

Oneida - Goal

Be pure (they claim to already be so)

Oneida - time period

mid 1800s til 1881

Oneida - people

John Humphrey NOyes

Oneida - place

upstate NY

ONeida - beliefs

polygamy/”complex marriage”; anti monogamy, early eugenics

Oneida - turning points

1836 - early community; 1848 - Oneida

Oneida - tactics

religious appeal, control, dictatorial, ‘bounty’ laws

Owenites - goal

communitarianism - cross-class solidarity; protect workers

Owenites - time period

late 1700s to early 1800s

Owenites - people

Robert Owen - leader

Owenites - place

New Lanark, Scotland; New Harmony, Indiana

Owenites - beliefs

women’s rights to divorce, access abortion, protect workers, class egalitarianism

Owenites - turning points

New Lanark est. 1785; New Harmony est. 1824

Temperance - goal

eliminate drinking

Temperance - time period

1800s

Temperance - people

Northern middle + upper class, esp women

Temperance - place

North Ohio + New York, but North in general

Temperance - beliefs

alcohol prevented personal growth and was morally impure

Temperance - turning points

founded 1826; in 1840, alcohol/person consumption fell to half its previous high from the 30s

Temperance - tactics

Christianity, ‘experience meetings’ where people would tell their sins, which was effectively social humiliation/compulsion

Temperance - meaning for democracy

Christianity in the gov’t; gov’t enforced/’moral’ liberty (Winthropian)

Temperance - mirror in the south

Use of Christianity to control enslaved people

Temperance - backlash

Some saw alcohol as culture (lower class, German and Irish esp); Catholics thought sin was inevitable and that sin couldn’t be eliminated

Transcendentalists - goal

pursue individualism and individual relationship with god

Transcendentalists - people

Generally Northern intellectuals

Transcendentalists - beliefs

communal living AND private property

Transcendentalists - turning points

1841 - est. Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Mass. (Now Boston); fell in 1847 due to nobody wanting to labor

Institution-Building - goal

codify public life; cure sin, public equality

Institution building - time period

early to late 1800s

institution building - people

horace mann (schools)

institution - building - place

massachusettes (schools) but generally, again, the north

institution building - beliefs

build jails, poorhouses, asylums, orphanges; schools had ‘silent curriculum’ which meant obedience to authority, timeliness, etc - prepare for industrialization

institution building - turning point

1860 - establish tax funded schools

institution buildign - tactics

inculcate the youth, jobs for women

institution building - meaning for democracy

the ‘unsavory’ had to be removed from public life

institution building - mirror in the south

slavery

institution building - backlash

parents in the north who did not want their kids to recieve moral instruction from teachers

colonialism - goal

gradually abolih slavery and send Black people back to the coast of africa

colonialism - time period

early 1800s

colonialism - people

racist whites who weren’t the MOST racist; ie clay, francis scott key, etc; founder - Robert Finley

colonialism - time period

ACS: 1816 - 1912

colonization - place

north and south

colonization - beliefs

america was fundamentally white, Black people should live in Africa; some believed equality wa s impossible; some Black people wanted to spread Chrsitianity and have rights they didn’t in the US but most Black people opposed this movement

colonization - turning points

founded 1816, est. liberia 1847

colonialism - tactics

convince free Black people to go to africa

colonialism - meaning for democracy

it’s white and ethnic

colonialism - mirror in south

same mvmt honsetly

colonialism - backlash

a lot of Black people didn’t want to leave; they organized and fought for rights!