Theorists from Dorothea Orem to Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Dorothea Orem - Self-Care Deficit Theory

• Overview: Comprises three interrelated theories: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Nursing Systems.

• Focus: Examines patients' ability to perform self-care and how nurses can assist in this process.

• Key Components:

  • Self-Care: Activities individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being.

  • Self-Care Deficit: When individuals are unable to meet their self-care needs.

  • Nursing Systems: Strategies that support patients in achieving self-care.

Myra Estrin Levine - Conservation Model

• Overview: Emphasizes health through conservation and adaptation.

• Key Concepts: Focuses on four conservation principles: energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity. These principles guide the holistic approach to patient care.

Martha E. Rogers - Science of Unitary Human Beings

• Overview: Views humans as dynamic energy fields intertwined with their environment.

• Key Concepts:

  • Energy Fields: Humans and their environments are seen as unitary and inseparable.

  • Patterning and organization: Health is defined by how energy patterns are interrelated.

  • Focuses on the experiences of individuals as a part of the living process rather than just a physical examination.

Imogene King - Goal Attainment Theory

• Overview: Centers around the interactions between patient and nurse for goal setting and achievement.

• Key Components:

  • Social Systems: The role of the patient and nurse in a social context.

  • Interpersonal Relationships: Essential for effective communication and cooperation to meet patient goals.

  • Goal Attainment: Health is a dynamic process where patients and nurses work together to set and reach goals.

Betty Neuman - Systems Model in Nursing Practice

• Overview: Presents a holistic view that emphasizes the prevention of stressors to maintain wellness.

• Key Concepts:

  • Systems Approach: The patient's system is seen as an entire entity, each part affects the other.

  • Prevention as Intervention: Focus on proactive measures to maintain health.

  • Stressors: Identifying external and internal stressors that can disrupt health.

Sister Callista Roy - Roy’s Adaptation Model

• Overview: Describes adaptation as the process of achieving health through adjusting to changes in the environment.

• Key Concepts:

  • Adaptation: Health is viewed as the ability to adapt positively to changes and stimuli in the environment.

  • Adaptive Modes: Focus on physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence as areas of adaptation.

  • Nursing Role: Nurses must assess the patient's ability to adapt and support their coping mechanisms.

Hildegard Peplau - Interpersonal Relations Theory

• Overview: Emphasizes the importance of nursing relationships as central to the therapeutic process.

• Phases:

  • Orientation: The initial encounter where the patient and nurse meet.

  • Identification: Patient begins to identify with the nurse and their situation.

  • Exploitation: Patient uses the relationship for their own benefit, exploring different services available.

  • Resolution: Relationship is concluded, and patient gains independence.

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer - Nursing as Caring

• Overview: Focus on the relational aspect of nursing and the essence of caring in the profession.

• Key Concepts:

  • Caring: Fundamental to the nursing profession and essential for patient well-being.

  • Relational Theory: Interaction between nurse and patient is vital, focusing on understanding and dignity.

Nola J. Pender - Health Promotion Model

• Overview: A holistic perspective connecting health behaviors with individual beliefs and actions.

• Key Concepts:

  • Health Promotion: Emphasizes behaviors that enhance well-being and prevent illness.

  • Personal Beliefs: Recognizes the role of beliefs in influencing health behavior.

Margaret A. Newman - Health as Expanding Consciousness

• Overview: Focuses on humans as whole beings, emphasizing consciousness as a process of transformation.

• Key Concepts:

  • Health: Viewed as a continuum of human experiences that promotes an evolving understanding of oneself.

  • Consciousness: Health is related to personal growth through the integration of experiences.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse - Human Becoming Theory

• Overview: Emphasizes meaning-making and individual choice within the nursing process.

• Key Concepts:

  • Human Becoming: Focuses on individuals as open systems who actively shape their lives based on personal experiences and choices.

  • Nursing's Role: To understand the patient's perspective and support them in their journey of becoming.