Industrial Revolution

Before the Industrial Revolution

• People lived in small communities
• Farming was a major economic sector
• 1/3 of small children died before they were 1
• Life expectancy was 40yo
• Disease was common
• Private farmlands were not fenced off
• Daily activities revolved around farming

Early IR

• Great Britain = wool industry
• Domestic System: (cottage industry) products produced in the home by hand
• Coal mining; most coal fields lay under the farmland
• Enclosure Movement: passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands

Causes of the IR

• @@Agricultural Revolution@@: series of new agricultural innovations (seed drill; crop rotation)
• Farmers forced to move into towns/cities for work

Explaining IR

• 1400-1800; rapid population growth worldwide → led to energy crisis
• IR was a @@response to energy crisis@@
• New fuels discovered in IR (@@coal, oil, natural gas@@)
• New fuels led to increased output and rate of tech. innovation

IR began in Europe

• @@Internal development favored innovation@@
• Newness of European states and their monarchs’ need for revenue in the absence of effective tax systems led leaders into @@alliances with their merchant classes@@
• Europe had widespread @@contact with culturally diverse people; generated global exchange@@
• @@Competition to make valuable goods and trade to foreign countries sparked production and industrialization@@
• Colonies produced @@food, raw materials, and silver; led to marketplaces@@

Why Great Britain Specifically?

• @@Natural Resources@@ - iron and coal
• @@Harbors and River Canals@@ - transportation and power
• @@Location@@ - on the Atlantic
• @@Easy Import/Export@@
• @@Capital@@: Money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials
• @@World’s strongest fleet@@ - protect from invasion and protect trade route
• @@Wages@@ - highest wages in the world at the time
• @@Large Labor Supply@@ - farms needed fewer workers → more workers in factories; religious toleration led to workers of all faiths
• @@British Government Favored Businessmen@@ - passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign products; laws made it easy to form companies; forbid workers unions; build roads and canals to create a strong internal market; patent laws protected inventors
• @@Scientific Revolution in England@@ - observation, experiment, measurements, mechanical devices, and practical applicators
• @@Island Location Protected It from Invasions@@
• @@No Violent Revolutions@@
• Three @@factors of production@@:
  • @@Land@@ - natural resources
  • @@Labor@@ - growing population → willing workforce
  • @@Capitol@@ - funds for investment from wealthy citizens

Growing Textile Industry

• Flying Shuttle: didn’t have to push shuttle back and forth across loom anymore; could pull a cord and it would “fly” → wider fabrics now woven at faster pace; James Hargreaves
• Spinning Jenny: could spin more threads at once
• Water Frame: huge spinning frame that ran continuously on waterpower
• Power Loom: faster loom that allowed weavers to keep up with the amount of thread used
• Cotton Gin: created by Eli Whitney; mechanically cleaned and removed the seeds from raw cotton
• Interchangeable Parts: streamlined and improved manufacturing

The Factory System

• New textile machines were large and costly
• Production shifted from homes to factories
• @@Factory System: organized system of production that brings machines and workers together under the control of a manager; Arkwright@@
• Machines powered by water - lot of factories located close to rivers
• @@Steam Engine@@: invented by James Watt; new source of power; factories could be moved anywhere

Spread of IR

• France did not have big cities and large labor supply
  • Revolutions and European wars occupied France’s time and money
• Germany was a collection of small states, not a nation
  • Upon unification, industrialization spread rapidly
• USA was fully industrialized by 1900
  • use of transcontinental railroad
  • vast natural resources (timber, coal, oil)
  • many Europeans/Asians fled to the US for work
• Telegraph enabled long-distance communications
• Second Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics, internal combustion engine, automobiles and planes, electrification, telephone, and radio
• @@Bessemer Process@@: Henry Bessemer; converts iron to steel; sturdier, more workable metal
• Steam Locomotive → eventually led to the building of railroads
• Robert Fulton invented the @@steamboat@@
• Communications:
  • Samuel Morse - invented the telegraph
  • Alexander Graham Bell - invented the telephone
• Electricity:
  • Thomas Edison - invented the light bulb and phonograph
  • by 1900s scientists harnessed electrical power
  • replaced coal as a major source of energy
  • Gottlieb Daimler - invented the internal-combustion engine to run on gasoline
  • Rudolf Diesel - oil burning internal combustion engine used in factories, ship, and trains
  • Ferdinand von Zeppelin - invented the dirigible (old blimp)
  • Wilbur and Orville Wright - first successful flight of a motorized plane
  • Henry Ford - Model T (1909); Assembly Line (1913)
• Japan finally begins to industrialize under Meiji in late 19th century
  • Industrialized in fear of being attacked by industrialized countries
• Russia entered industrial phase by 1900
  • Trans-Siberian railroad (Moscow to Pacific Ocean)
  • Coal, iron, and steel industries grew; agriculture was still main focus

Effects of IR

• Working class
  • lived in overcrowded, smoky cities
  • lived in Tenements (crowded, cold apartments near factories)
  • whole families lived in 1-2 rooms
  • human and industrial waste contaminated waters → led to disease and death
  • few public services, such as sanitation
• Society before IR
  • position in life determined at birth; no social mobility → changed in IR
  • talents and abilities brought money and success
• Declining British Aristocracy
  • landowning aristocrats, on an individual basis, did not suffer due to IR
  • the aristocracy as a class declined
  • declining political power
  • urban wealth was more important
  • @@land ownership was no longer the basis of wealth@@
• The Rise of the Middle Class
  • @@benefited most from industrialization@@
  • @@size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased@@
  • Upper Levels: factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants
  • Middle Levels: smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals
  • Lower Levels: clerks, salespeople, bank tellers, secretaries, hotel staff, police officers
  • @@Political Values@@: constitutional government, private property, free trade, social reforms
  • @@Cultural Values@@: hard work, thrift, cleanliness, strict morality
  • @@Respectability@@: combined ideas of social status and virtuous behavior; education and hard work were keys to success
  • individuals - responsible for their own destiny
  • poor are poor due to their own misconduct
• Middle Class lifestyles:
  • Men were at work, women stayed home
  • @@Cult of Domesticity@@: homemakers, mothers, wives; create “emotional havens” for their husbands after work; moral center of the family; “managers of consumption” (shoppers); teach respectability
• The Working Class:
  • grew in numbers
  • few (if any) luxuries
  • worked dangerous jobs in factories
  • accidents were common; no workers compensation
  • monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines
  • strict work schedules; 10-14 hours per day
  • diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis) were common
  • extremely low wages; even lower for women/children
  • women worked like the men
  • Mill Girls: some women enjoyed a sense of independence; made money and friends
• Conditions of Coal Mines:
  • Steam Engine increased demand for Coal
  • men, women, and children were used in mines
  • mines were unhealthy and dangerous; lung disease, poison gas, drowning, explosions, and cave-ins were common
  • workers could go days without seeing sunlight → lead to health issues
• Child Labor
  • children worked for very low wages, had dangerous jobs, and were often beaten in factories/mines
  • families needed their children to work for the money
• Rise of Leisure
  • Second IR led to shorter work weeks
  • Mass leisure = amusement parks and dance halls
  • Organized team sports (baseball, rugby)
  • Summer Vacations

Responses to IR

• Social Protests - workers demand better working conditions; knew they were stronger as a group than individuals
• @@Labor Unions@@: organizations of workers created to pressure business owners to improve working conditions and wages
  • Trade Unions legalized in 1924
  • Union Tactics: nationwide organization/cooperation; strikes; collective bargaining; threat of violence
• Many workers joined self-help groups (friendly societies)
  • paid dues
  • benefits: insurance against sickness; decent funerals; a social life with people sharing common problems
• @@Karl Marx@@
  • Viewed industrial capitalism as an unstable system that was doomed to collapse
  • this would create a @@classless, socialist society@@
  • Inspired socialist movements of workers throughout Europe

Legacy of IR

• Improvements led to the working-class movement away from revolution
  • wages rose
  • cheap imported food improved diets
  • infant mortality rates fell
  • shops and chain stores multiplied
  • all male workers gradually gained the right to vote
  • child labor abolished
  • factory conditions improved
  • system of relief for the unemployed
  • sanitation reform

\