Industrial Revolution

Before the Industrial Revolution

People lived in small communities
Farming was a major economic sector
1/3 of small children died before they were 1
Life expectancy was 40yo
Disease was common
Private farmlands were not fenced off
Daily activities revolved around farming

Early IR

Great Britain = wool industry
Domestic System: (cottage industry) products produced in the home by hand
Coal mining; most coal fields lay under the farmland
Enclosure Movement: passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands

Causes of the IR

@@Agricultural Revolution@@: series of new agricultural innovations (seed drill; crop rotation)
Farmers forced to move into towns/cities for work

Explaining IR

1400-1800; rapid population growth worldwide → led to energy crisis
IR was a @@response to energy crisis@@
New fuels discovered in IR (@@coal, oil, natural gas@@)
New fuels led to increased output and rate of tech. innovation

IR began in Europe

@@Internal development favored innovation@@
Newness of European states and their monarchs’ need for revenue in the absence of effective tax systems led leaders into @@alliances with their merchant classes@@
Europe had widespread @@contact with culturally diverse people; generated global exchange@@
@@Competition to make valuable goods and trade to foreign countries sparked production and industrialization@@
Colonies produced @@food, raw materials, and silver; led to marketplaces@@

Why Great Britain Specifically?

@@Natural Resources@@ - iron and coal
@@Harbors and River Canals@@ - transportation and power
@@Location@@ - on the Atlantic
@@Easy Import/Export@@
@@Capital@@: Money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials
@@World’s strongest fleet@@ - protect from invasion and protect trade route
@@Wages@@ - highest wages in the world at the time
@@Large Labor Supply@@ - farms needed fewer workers → more workers in factories; religious toleration led to workers of all faiths
@@British Government Favored Businessmen@@ - passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign products; laws made it easy to form companies; forbid workers unions; build roads and canals to create a strong internal market; patent laws protected inventors
@@Scientific Revolution in England@@ - observation, experiment, measurements, mechanical devices, and practical applicators
@@Island Location Protected It from Invasions@@
@@No Violent Revolutions@@
Three @@factors of production@@: * @@Land@@ - natural resources * @@Labor@@ - growing population → willing workforce * @@Capitol@@ - funds for investment from wealthy citizens

Growing Textile Industry

Flying Shuttle: didn’t have to push shuttle back and forth across loom anymore; could pull a cord and it would “fly” → wider fabrics now woven at faster pace; James Hargreaves
Spinning Jenny: could spin more threads at once
Water Frame: huge spinning frame that ran continuously on waterpower
Power Loom: faster loom that allowed weavers to keep up with the amount of thread used
Cotton Gin: created by Eli Whitney; mechanically cleaned and removed the seeds from raw cotton
Interchangeable Parts: streamlined and improved manufacturing

The Factory System

New textile machines were large and costly
Production shifted from homes to factories
@@Factory System: organized system of production that brings machines and workers together under the control of a manager; Arkwright@@
Machines powered by water - lot of factories located close to rivers
@@Steam Engine@@: invented by James Watt; new source of power; factories could be moved anywhere

Spread of IR

France did not have big cities and large labor supply * Revolutions and European wars occupied France’s time and money
Germany was a collection of small states, not a nation * Upon unification, industrialization spread rapidly
USA was fully industrialized by 1900 * use of transcontinental railroad * vast natural resources (timber, coal, oil) * many Europeans/Asians fled to the US for work
Telegraph enabled long-distance communications
Second Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics, internal combustion engine, automobiles and planes, electrification, telephone, and radio
@@Bessemer Process@@: Henry Bessemer; converts iron to steel; sturdier, more workable metal
Steam Locomotive → eventually led to the building of railroads
Robert Fulton invented the @@steamboat@@
Communications: * Samuel Morse - invented the telegraph * Alexander Graham Bell - invented the telephone
Electricity: * Thomas Edison - invented the light bulb and phonograph * by 1900s scientists harnessed electrical power * replaced coal as a major source of energy * Gottlieb Daimler - invented the internal-combustion engine to run on gasoline * Rudolf Diesel - oil burning internal combustion engine used in factories, ship, and trains * Ferdinand von Zeppelin - invented the dirigible (old blimp) * Wilbur and Orville Wright - first successful flight of a motorized plane * Henry Ford - Model T (1909); Assembly Line (1913)
Japan finally begins to industrialize under Meiji in late 19th century * Industrialized in fear of being attacked by industrialized countries
Russia entered industrial phase by 1900 * Trans-Siberian railroad (Moscow to Pacific Ocean) * Coal, iron, and steel industries grew; agriculture was still main focus

Effects of IR

Working class * lived in overcrowded, smoky cities * lived in Tenements (crowded, cold apartments near factories) * whole families lived in 1-2 rooms * human and industrial waste contaminated waters → led to disease and death * few public services, such as sanitation
Society before IR * position in life determined at birth; no social mobility → changed in IR * talents and abilities brought money and success
Declining British Aristocracy * landowning aristocrats, on an individual basis, did not suffer due to IR * the aristocracy as a class declined * declining political power * urban wealth was more important * @@land ownership was no longer the basis of wealth@@
The Rise of the Middle Class * @@benefited most from industrialization@@ * @@size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased@@ * Upper Levels: factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants * Middle Levels: smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals * Lower Levels: clerks, salespeople, bank tellers, secretaries, hotel staff, police officers * @@Political Values@@: constitutional government, private property, free trade, social reforms * @@Cultural Values@@: hard work, thrift, cleanliness, strict morality * @@Respectability@@: combined ideas of social status and virtuous behavior; education and hard work were keys to success * individuals - responsible for their own destiny * poor are poor due to their own misconduct
Middle Class lifestyles: * Men were at work, women stayed home * @@Cult of Domesticity@@: homemakers, mothers, wives; create “emotional havens” for their husbands after work; moral center of the family; “managers of consumption” (shoppers); teach respectability
The Working Class: * grew in numbers * few (if any) luxuries * worked dangerous jobs in factories * accidents were common; no workers compensation * monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines * strict work schedules; 10-14 hours per day * diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis) were common * extremely low wages; even lower for women/children * women worked like the men * Mill Girls: some women enjoyed a sense of independence; made money and friends
Conditions of Coal Mines: * Steam Engine increased demand for Coal * men, women, and children were used in mines * mines were unhealthy and dangerous; lung disease, poison gas, drowning, explosions, and cave-ins were common * workers could go days without seeing sunlight → lead to health issues
Child Labor * children worked for very low wages, had dangerous jobs, and were often beaten in factories/mines * families needed their children to work for the money
Rise of Leisure * Second IR led to shorter work weeks * Mass leisure = amusement parks and dance halls * Organized team sports (baseball, rugby) * Summer Vacations

Responses to IR

Social Protests - workers demand better working conditions; knew they were stronger as a group than individuals
@@Labor Unions@@: organizations of workers created to pressure business owners to improve working conditions and wages * Trade Unions legalized in 1924 * Union Tactics: nationwide organization/cooperation; strikes; collective bargaining; threat of violence
Many workers joined self-help groups (friendly societies) * paid dues * benefits: insurance against sickness; decent funerals; a social life with people sharing common problems
@@Karl Marx@@ * Viewed industrial capitalism as an unstable system that was doomed to collapse * this would create a @@classless, socialist society@@ * Inspired socialist movements of workers throughout Europe

Legacy of IR

Improvements led to the working-class movement away from revolution * wages rose * cheap imported food improved diets * infant mortality rates fell * shops and chain stores multiplied * all male workers gradually gained the right to vote * child labor abolished * factory conditions improved * system of relief for the unemployed * sanitation reform