MH

Industrial Revolution

Before the Industrial Revolution

  • People lived in small communities
  • Farming was a major economic sector
  • 1/3 of small children died before they were 1
  • Life expectancy was 40yo
  • Disease was common
  • Private farmlands were not fenced off
  • Daily activities revolved around farming

Early IR

  • Great Britain = wool industry
  • Domestic System: (cottage industry) products produced in the home by hand
  • Coal mining; most coal fields lay under the farmland
  • Enclosure Movement: passing of laws that allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands

Causes of the IR

  • @@Agricultural Revolution@@: series of new agricultural innovations (seed drill; crop rotation)
  • Farmers forced to move into towns/cities for work

Explaining IR

  • 1400-1800; rapid population growth worldwide → led to energy crisis
  • IR was a @@response to energy crisis@@
  • New fuels discovered in IR (@@coal, oil, natural gas@@)
  • New fuels led to increased output and rate of tech. innovation

IR began in Europe

  • @@Internal development favored innovation@@
  • Newness of European states and their monarchs’ need for revenue in the absence of effective tax systems led leaders into @@alliances with their merchant classes@@
  • Europe had widespread @@contact with culturally diverse people; generated global exchange@@
  • @@Competition to make valuable goods and trade to foreign countries sparked production and industrialization@@
  • Colonies produced @@food, raw materials, and silver; led to marketplaces@@

Why Great Britain Specifically?

  • @@Natural Resources@@ - iron and coal
  • @@Harbors and River Canals@@ - transportation and power
  • @@Location@@ - on the Atlantic
  • @@Easy Import/Export@@
  • @@Capital@@: Money to invest in labor, machines, and raw materials
  • @@World’s strongest fleet@@ - protect from invasion and protect trade route
  • @@Wages@@ - highest wages in the world at the time
  • @@Large Labor Supply@@ - farms needed fewer workers → more workers in factories; religious toleration led to workers of all faiths
  • @@British Government Favored Businessmen@@ - passed tariffs to keep out cheap foreign products; laws made it easy to form companies; forbid workers unions; build roads and canals to create a strong internal market; patent laws protected inventors
  • @@Scientific Revolution in England@@ - observation, experiment, measurements, mechanical devices, and practical applicators
  • @@Island Location Protected It from Invasions@@
  • @@No Violent Revolutions@@
  • Three @@factors of production@@:
    • @@Land@@ - natural resources
    • @@Labor@@ - growing population → willing workforce
    • @@Capitol@@ - funds for investment from wealthy citizens

Growing Textile Industry

  • Flying Shuttle: didn’t have to push shuttle back and forth across loom anymore; could pull a cord and it would “fly” → wider fabrics now woven at faster pace; James Hargreaves
  • Spinning Jenny: could spin more threads at once
  • Water Frame: huge spinning frame that ran continuously on waterpower
  • Power Loom: faster loom that allowed weavers to keep up with the amount of thread used
  • Cotton Gin: created by Eli Whitney; mechanically cleaned and removed the seeds from raw cotton
  • Interchangeable Parts: streamlined and improved manufacturing

The Factory System

  • New textile machines were large and costly
  • Production shifted from homes to factories
  • @@Factory System: organized system of production that brings machines and workers together under the control of a manager; Arkwright@@
  • Machines powered by water - lot of factories located close to rivers
  • @@Steam Engine@@: invented by James Watt; new source of power; factories could be moved anywhere

Spread of IR

  • France did not have big cities and large labor supply
    • Revolutions and European wars occupied France’s time and money
  • Germany was a collection of small states, not a nation
    • Upon unification, industrialization spread rapidly
  • USA was fully industrialized by 1900
    • use of transcontinental railroad
    • vast natural resources (timber, coal, oil)
    • many Europeans/Asians fled to the US for work
  • Telegraph enabled long-distance communications
  • Second Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics, internal combustion engine, automobiles and planes, electrification, telephone, and radio
  • @@Bessemer Process@@: Henry Bessemer; converts iron to steel; sturdier, more workable metal
  • Steam Locomotive → eventually led to the building of railroads
  • Robert Fulton invented the @@steamboat@@
  • Communications:
    • Samuel Morse - invented the telegraph
    • Alexander Graham Bell - invented the telephone
  • Electricity:
    • Thomas Edison - invented the light bulb and phonograph
    • by 1900s scientists harnessed electrical power
    • replaced coal as a major source of energy
    • Gottlieb Daimler - invented the internal-combustion engine to run on gasoline
    • Rudolf Diesel - oil burning internal combustion engine used in factories, ship, and trains
    • Ferdinand von Zeppelin - invented the dirigible (old blimp)
    • Wilbur and Orville Wright - first successful flight of a motorized plane
    • Henry Ford - Model T (1909); Assembly Line (1913)
  • Japan finally begins to industrialize under Meiji in late 19th century
    • Industrialized in fear of being attacked by industrialized countries
  • Russia entered industrial phase by 1900
    • Trans-Siberian railroad (Moscow to Pacific Ocean)
    • Coal, iron, and steel industries grew; agriculture was still main focus

Effects of IR

  • Working class
    • lived in overcrowded, smoky cities
    • lived in Tenements (crowded, cold apartments near factories)
    • whole families lived in 1-2 rooms
    • human and industrial waste contaminated waters → led to disease and death
    • few public services, such as sanitation
  • Society before IR
    • position in life determined at birth; no social mobility → changed in IR
    • talents and abilities brought money and success
  • Declining British Aristocracy
    • landowning aristocrats, on an individual basis, did not suffer due to IR
    • the aristocracy as a class declined
    • declining political power
    • urban wealth was more important
    • @@land ownership was no longer the basis of wealth@@
  • The Rise of the Middle Class
    • @@benefited most from industrialization@@
    • @@size, power, and wealth of the middle class increased@@
    • Upper Levels: factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants
    • Middle Levels: smaller businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists, scientists, other professionals
    • Lower Levels: clerks, salespeople, bank tellers, secretaries, hotel staff, police officers
    • @@Political Values@@: constitutional government, private property, free trade, social reforms
    • @@Cultural Values@@: hard work, thrift, cleanliness, strict morality
    • @@Respectability@@: combined ideas of social status and virtuous behavior; education and hard work were keys to success
    • individuals - responsible for their own destiny
    • poor are poor due to their own misconduct
  • Middle Class lifestyles:
    • Men were at work, women stayed home
    • @@Cult of Domesticity@@: homemakers, mothers, wives; create “emotional havens” for their husbands after work; moral center of the family; “managers of consumption” (shoppers); teach respectability
  • The Working Class:
    • grew in numbers
    • few (if any) luxuries
    • worked dangerous jobs in factories
    • accidents were common; no workers compensation
    • monotonous work; noisy; heavy machines
    • strict work schedules; 10-14 hours per day
    • diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis) were common
    • extremely low wages; even lower for women/children
    • women worked like the men
    • Mill Girls: some women enjoyed a sense of independence; made money and friends
  • Conditions of Coal Mines:
    • Steam Engine increased demand for Coal
    • men, women, and children were used in mines
    • mines were unhealthy and dangerous; lung disease, poison gas, drowning, explosions, and cave-ins were common
    • workers could go days without seeing sunlight → lead to health issues
  • Child Labor
    • children worked for very low wages, had dangerous jobs, and were often beaten in factories/mines
    • families needed their children to work for the money
  • Rise of Leisure
    • Second IR led to shorter work weeks
    • Mass leisure = amusement parks and dance halls
    • Organized team sports (baseball, rugby)
    • Summer Vacations

Responses to IR

  • Social Protests - workers demand better working conditions; knew they were stronger as a group than individuals
  • @@Labor Unions@@: organizations of workers created to pressure business owners to improve working conditions and wages
    • Trade Unions legalized in 1924
    • Union Tactics: nationwide organization/cooperation; strikes; collective bargaining; threat of violence
  • Many workers joined self-help groups (friendly societies)
    • paid dues
    • benefits: insurance against sickness; decent funerals; a social life with people sharing common problems
  • @@Karl Marx@@
    • Viewed industrial capitalism as an unstable system that was doomed to collapse
    • this would create a @@classless, socialist society@@
    • Inspired socialist movements of workers throughout Europe

Legacy of IR

  • Improvements led to the working-class movement away from revolution
    • wages rose
    • cheap imported food improved diets
    • infant mortality rates fell
    • shops and chain stores multiplied
    • all male workers gradually gained the right to vote
    • child labor abolished
    • factory conditions improved
    • system of relief for the unemployed
    • sanitation reform