IPP Exam 1 Study Guide

What are some ways to get organized in school?

What are some ways to get organized in school?

Create a master list

Prioritize tasks - Goal achievement approach, deadline approach, consequences approach

Schedule tasks

Use a system

Take action

What are examples of different organization systems?

Electronic or paper

Calendars

Planners

Computer programs

Apps

What are the steps in taking action?

testing yourself

Learning in layers

Working hard at learning

What activities are damaging to studying habits?

Re reading- creates false confidence

Cramming- short term retention

What are some tips for managing time?

Having materials organized

Keep log of how much and when to study

Write specific study tasks

Invest time in planning and prioritizing

Dedicate time to self care

Find time to study wherever it can fit

What is a SMART goal?

S - Specific

M - Measurable

A - Achievable

R - Relevant

T - Time Based

What’s the difference between a performance goal and habit goal?

Performance goal is something that has a specific measurable outcome like “ i will score an 80 on the next IPP exam”

Habit goals are something specific you want to achieve regularly during a certain amount of time like “ i will complete the study guide for an exam a week before the exam”

Why are character strengths important?

They build on the positive parts of our personality. They affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions. There are 6 broad virtues associated with our character strengths.

What are the 6 virtues?

Wisdom

Courage

Humanity

Justice

Temperance

Transcendence

What is emotional intelligence and its purpose?

The ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions, your own or someone else’s.

It allows us to accept criticism and responsibility, Move on after a mistake, say no when necessary, share feelings with others, solve problems in a way that works for others, and have empathy for those around us.

What are the components of emotional intelligence?

Self-awareness

Self-regulation

Motivation

Empathy

Social skill

What marked the beginning of professionalism in healthcare?

The Hippocratic Oath

What is the importance of professionalism in pharmacy?

Helps pharmacists fulfill duties outlined in the oath of a pharmacist, ensures standards are upheld for the profession.

What is the oath of a Pharmacist?

"I promise to devote myself to a lifetime of service to others through the profession of pharmacy. In fulfilling this vow:

I will consider the welfare of humanity and relief of suffering my primary concerns.

I will promote inclusion, embrace diversity, and advocate for justice to advance health equity.

I will apply my knowledge, experience, and skills to the best of my ability to assure optimal outcomes for all patients.

I will respect and protect all personal and health information entrusted to me.

I will accept the responsibility to improve my professional knowledge, expertise, and self-awareness.

I will hold myself and my colleagues to the highest principles of our profession’s moral, ethical and legal conduct.

I will embrace and advocate changes that improve patient care.

I will utilize my knowledge, skills, experiences, and values to prepare the next generation of pharmacists.

I take these vows voluntarily with the full realization of the responsibility with which I am entrusted by the public.”

What are the components of professionalism?

Core Values- altruism, caring, honor

Behaviors- respect, accountability, empathy

Linkages- professional dress, punctuality, courtesy

What are the tenets of professionalism?

Altruism

Honesty and Integrity,

Respect for others,

Professional Presence,

Professional stewardship,

Dedication and Commitment to Excellence

What is the pledge of a pharmacist?

As a student of pharmacy, I believe there is a need to build and reinforce a professional identity founded on integrity, ethical behavior, and honor. This development, a vital process in my education, will help ensure that I am true to the professional relationship I establish between myself and society as I become a member of the pharmacy community. Integrity must be an essential part of my everyday life and I must practice pharmacy with honesty and commitment to service.

To accomplish this goal of professional development, I as a student of pharmacy should:

DEVELOP a sense of loyalty and duty to the profession of pharmacy by being a builder of community, one able and willing to contribute to the well-being of others and one who enthusiastically accepts the responsibility and accountability for membership in the profession.

FOSTER professional competency through life-long learning. I must strive for high ideals, teamwork and unity within the profession in order to provide optimal patient care.

SUPPORT my colleagues by actively encouraging personal commitment to the Oath of Maimonides and a Code of Ethics as set forth by the profession

INCORPORATE into my life and practice, dedication to excellence. This will require an ongoing reassessment of personal and professional values.

MAINTAIN the highest ideals and professional attributes to ensure and facilitate the covenantal relationship required of the pharmaceutical care giver.

The profession of pharmacy is one that demands adherence to a set of rigid ethical standards. These high ideals are necessary to ensure the quality of care extended to the patients I serve. As a student of pharmacy, I believe this does not start with graduation; rather, it begins with my membership in this professional college community. Therefore, I must strive to uphold these standards as I advance toward full membership in the profession of pharmacy.

What is the code of ethics for pharmacists?

Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of the roles and re- sponsibilities of pharmacists. These principles, based on moral obligations and virtues, are established to guide pharmacists in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society.

I. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist. Interpretation: Considering the patient-pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharma- cist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society. In return for this gift, a pharmacist promises to help individuals achieve op- timum benefit from their medications, to be commit- ted to their welfare, and to maintain their trust.

II. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner. Interpretation: A pharmacist places concern for the well-being of the patient at the center of professional practice. In doing so, a pharmacist considers needs stated by the patient as well as those defined by health science. A pharmacist is dedicated to protecting the dignity of the patient. With a caring attitude and a compassionate spirit, a pharmacist focuses on serving the patient in a private and confidential manner.

III. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient. Interpretation: A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self- worth by encouraging patients to participate in deci- sions about their health. A pharmacist communicates with patients in terms that are understandable. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients.

IV. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships. Interpretation: A pharmacist has a duty to tell the truth and to act with conviction of conscience. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work con- ditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of patients.

V. A pharmacist maintains professional competence. Interpretation: A pharmacist has a duty to maintain knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices, and technologies become available and as health in- formation advances.

VI. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals. Interpretation: When appropriate, a pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues or other health professionals or refers the patient. A pharmacist acknowledges that colleagues and other health pro- fessionals may differ in the beliefs and values they apply to the care of the patient.

VII. A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs. Interpretation: The primary obligation of a pharma- cist is to individual patients. However, the obliga- tions of a pharmacist may at times extend beyond the individual to the community and society. In these situations, the pharmacist recognizes the responsi- bilities that accompany these obligations and acts accordingly.

VIII. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources. Interpretation: When health resources are allocated, a pharmacist is fair and equitable, balancing the needs of patients and society.

What are the characteristics of long term care in the United States?

Sub-Acute Care;

-Post hospital stay

-Short term skilled service

Skilled care

-permanent placement

Assisted Living

most long term care is covered by Medicare or Medicaid.

70% of older adults will need long term care at some time in their lifetime

Nursing homes are licensed and surveyed by their state’s department of health

What is pharmacy’s role in long term care facilities?

dispensing services are provided by a closed door pharmacy.

Pharmacy is most likely not on the premises

Orders are faxed to pharmacy

A 30 day supply is delivered to the home

Pharmacy is still required to oversee the management of medications and controlled substances

What are Pharmacist’s activities in long term care?

Education

Medication pass observation

Pain management

Nutritional assessment and support

Outpatient compliance packaging

Formulary development

What are challenges facing long term care pharmacy?

Multiple medications cause it complex regimens

Adverse consequences can mimic symptoms of chronic conditions

Transitions from hospital to nursing home, and medication changes

What legislation was critical to the development of our modern healthcare system?

Hospital Survey and Construction Act of 1946

What is horizontal Integration?

Term used to describe affiliations between hospitals. Affiliated hospitals provide one or more services that the other hospital does not.

What is vertical integration?

Provides a continuum of services.

Expansion of services other than acute care;

Outpatient services

Home health

Rehabilitation

Nursing home care

How are hospitals classified?

Length of stay

Type of service provided

Ownership

Community hospitals

Teaching hospitals

What does the director of pharmacy do?

One of the most complex jobs in the hospital.

Must satisfy a variety of leadership and management responsibilities overseeing personnel and department budget issues.

What does the staff pharmacist do?

Provide daily distributive services

What do clinical pharmacist’s do?

More involved with patient care related activities; rounding with medical teams.

Obtaining medication histories.

Providing discharge medication counseling.

Managing adverse reaction programs

Responding to drug information inquires

What does the pharmacy technician do?

Provide technical support

Receive special training in drug distribution

Special trainings available either from hospital or school

Pharmacy interns may perform some the tasks of a technician.

What is important to know about medication vials?

Vials may be labeled for IM or IV use only, but some IV formulations can be used with both routes.

Why are ampules used? And why are they made of glass?

Most often used when drugs are incompatible with rubber/plastic stoppers. Some drugs are only compatible with glass containers. A 5 micron filtered needle must be used when using an ampule to filter out any glass particles.

Are ampules and vials open or closed systems?

Ampules are open systems - you do not need to inject air to remove the liquid.

Vials are closed systems - you must inject the same amount of air to draw the liquid into the syringe.

Why is career planning important?

It is an essential process where you inventory your skills, qualities, knowledge, and motivation. It is intentional, identifies opportunities to work on, helps to improve self, and helps to achieve goals.

How has technology impacted community pharmacy practice?

Cash—> digital payments

Prescription processing, medication ordering, documentation of activities, access to information, interactions with patients —> all available on the computer

List 5 different types of community pharmacies

Independent

Chains

Supermarket

Internet

Compounding

How does having to manage people and operations impact a community pharmacy?

Managing things like, medications prescriptions, inventory, financials, marketing. And managing people, the staff, patients and customers, and business parters. Are all complex but import tasks in running a successful pharmacy. The best combination of these will create a profit for the business and happy, loyal patients and customers.

List 5 settings where ambulatory care pharmacists practice

Community based or free clinics

Community pharmacies

Hospital-based outpatient clinics

Private practice physician clinics

Managed care integrated system

What services do ambulatory pharmacists provide?

Access services or Care coordination

Chronic disease management

Medication management

Immunization screenings and administration

Medication therapy management

When did the first pharmacopeias come about?

At the end of the 1400s, new medical discoveries and pharmaceutical findings lead to the first development in the pharmacy profession.

Where was the first hospital pharmacy founded?

Philadelphia at the Pennsylvania Hospital

Who proposed the separation of practices of medicine and pharmacy?

John Morgan

What school established in 1821 was the model for occupational development in Pharmacy?

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

When was the Pharmacist position in the American health care system firmly establish?

1800s

What goes into life long learning and professional development for pharmacists?

Fellowships

Residency

Renewing you license every 2 years

Obtaining a masters or certificate

CE required every time you renew your license

What is the process for obtaining a license to work as a pharmacist?

Complete the PharmD degree

Apply for licensure with state board of pharmacy

Apply for NABP for eligibility to take exams

Board of Pharmacy will notify NABP that you are eligible

NABP sends you authorization to test, to schedule your exam

What are the testing and application required to become a licensed pharmacist?

NAPLEX and MPJE

What websites are important for the licensure process?

NABP- national association of boards of pharmacy

PA Board of Pharmacy or any state board you want to be licensed in

Pearson VUE

What is a pharmacy residency?

A post graduate training program for pharmacists that lasts 1 year.

Involves developing clinical skills in direct patient care and practice management.

What are different types of PGY1 pharmacy residencies?

Pharmacy practice - general practice in hospital or outpatient

Community pharmacy practice management in community pharmacy

Managed care - pharmacy management with insurance companies

What are major differences between PGY1 and PGY2 residency?

PGY1 = very general experience in pharmaceutical care, builds upon skills, attitudes, and abilities from pharmacy school. Wide range of rotations

PGY2 = builds on a specific area practice in PGY1, provides rotations specific to that area

What are the benefits of completing a pharmacy benefits?

Residents are usually offered full medical benefits(vision and dental)

Generally get vacation and sick days

Increased job opportunities

Easy to acquire board certification in area of specialty

Enhancement of clinical skills

Residency work equivalent to 5 years experience

What is a pharmacy fellowship?

A post graduate program that prepares a pharmacist to become an independent researcher. Focuses to develop competency in scientific research process.

What is the difference between a fellowship and residency?

A fellowship is mostly research based while a residency is more clinical practice based

What are the benefits of a fellowship?

Increased opportunity for research

Increases opportunity to discover new drugs/therapies

Acquiring knowledge in drug approval/development process

Increased opportunity for teaching/academia

Increased opportunity for board certification

What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sources of drug information?

Primary - original research, clinical studies, published and unpublished

Secondary - searchable databases

Tertiary - summary of existing medical literatures, clinical practice guidelines, textbooks, reviews.

How should you start with resources ?

Tertiary—> secondary—> primary

What is a drug monograph?

Complies information about a drug, cites evidence and sources