APEURO Topics For Review

Conservatives

Wanted to preserve tradition, monarchy, and social hierarchy; opposed rapid change and mass democracy; supported by elites.

Liberals

Supported constitutional government, civil rights, and free-market capitalism; usually middle-class; wanted expanded voting rights.

Radicals

Wanted dramatic political and social change; supported universal male suffrage; active in revolutions.

Socialists

Believed industrial capitalism exploited workers; wanted economic equality and protection for workers.

Karl Marx

Author of The Communist Manifesto; argued history is driven by class struggle; predicted conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Anarchists

Rejected all government authority; believed the state was inherently oppressive; some supported violent revolution.

Feminists

Advocated for women’s legal, political, and economic rights; focused on education, property rights, and suffrage.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women belonged in the home; reinforced gender roles during industrialization.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class (factory owners, merchants); benefited most from industrial capitalism.

Concert of Europe

Alliance of major powers after Napoleon; aimed to maintain balance of power and suppress revolution.

Consumerism

Increased demand for goods due to mass production; expanded middle-class lifestyle.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machine production; began in Britain in late 1700s.

Leisure Time

Free time increased due to wages and labor laws; led to sports, entertainment, tourism.

Mechanization

Use of machines to increase productivity; reduced need for skilled labor.

Proletariat

Industrial working class; sold labor for wages.

Railroads

Revolutionized transportation; encouraged urbanization, trade, and nationalism.

Revolutions of 1848

Liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe; mostly failed but spread reform ideas.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Result of industrial unrest and war failures; forced Tsar Nicholas II to create a Duma.

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 1800s; characterized by steel, electricity, chemicals, and oil; Germany and U.S. surpassed Britain.