History of Nursing: Key Eras, Figures, and Public Health Developments

What era is known for the use of pharmacologic supplies by Egyptians?

Classical Era (4000+ years ago)

What significant health practices did the Hebrews develop?

Elaborate hygiene codes governing personal and community hygiene, including contagion, disinfection, and food/water sanitation.

How did the Meopotamians view disease and disability?

As a great curse and punishment for sins.

Who is known as the father of medicine?

Hippocrates

What did Hippocrates emphasize regarding sickness?

Rational treatment of sickness as a natural order rather than a god-inflicted phenomenon.

What was the significance of Hippocrates' book 'Air, Water, and Places'?

It detailed the relationship between humans and the environment.

What were the four humours according to Greek medicine?

Blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile.

What advancements did the Romans make in nursing?

Development of mobile war nursing units and convalescent camps at battle sites.

What characterized nursing during the Middle Ages?

Influence of Christianity and the role of deaconesses in ministering to the needs of others.

What was the impact of the Black Death on nursing?

Nurses and physicians could not avert disease, leading to high mortality rates.

What was a major cultural shift during the Renaissance?

Renewed interest in arts and science, advancing medicine.

How did the Reformation affect nursing care?

Religious changes led to the establishment of hospitals and nurse visitors to the poor.

What was the state of nursing during the Dark Period (1500-1860)?

Nursing conditions were at their worst, with a loss of education and social standing.

What was the first hospital in the Americas founded for?

Care of sick soldiers and slaves.

What did the Industrial Revolution contribute to nursing?

Standardization of quality in care and a renewed faith in religious communities.

What was the focus of Edwin Chadwick's report?

Unsanitary conditions affecting the laboring class and child mortality rates.

What was the primary purpose of colonial hospitals in the 1600-1700s?

To protect the public at large rather than to treat and care for patients.

What was the life expectancy in the 1720s?

Around 35 years old.

What were common diseases during the 1800s in the US?

Yellow fever, smallpox, cholera, typhoid fever, and typhus.

What was a significant challenge for hospitals in the 1800s?

They were often dirty, unventilated, and contaminated with infections.

What role did religious orders play in nursing during the Industrial Revolution?

They provided services to the sick and helped reestablish nursing care.

What was the condition of nursing education during the Dark Period?

Education for girls was lost, leading to a lack of knowledge in nursing care.

What was the impact of the Bubonic plague in the 1300s?

It caused nearly half of the population in Europe, Asia, and Africa to die.

What did the Roman military hospitals transition to?

Civilian hospitals.

What was the role of family members in nursing during the Roman Era?

They often provided nursing care.

Who organized the American Statistical Society and when?

Lemuel Shattuck organized the American Statistical Society in 1839.

What significant public health issues did Shattuck's 1845 census of Boston reveal?

High infant mortality rates and high population mortality rates.

What was the first state board of health formed in the United States?

The first state board of health was formed in 1869, 19 years after Shattuck's report.

What was Florence Nightingale's contribution during the Crimean War?

She focused on sanitation and improved conditions for soldiers.

What key principles did Florence Nightingale emphasize in patient care?

Keeping patients warm, maintaining a noise-free environment, and being aware of clients' diets.

What organization did Ethel Fenwick help establish in the UK?

The British Nurses Association.

What was the significance of the Royal College of Nursing founded in 1916?

It served as a professional organization for trained nurses.

Who founded the first hospital in North America and what was its name?

Jeanne Mance founded the Hotel Dieu de Montreal in 1645.

What was the role of the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON) in Canada?

It delivered various health programs and services, established by Lady Ishbel Aberdeen.

What was the purpose of the Goldmark Report published in 1922?

To advocate for university schools of nursing to train nursing leaders.

What did the Hill-Burton Act of 1946 aim to achieve?

To provide construction grants and loans to build hospitals where needed, increasing access to hospital care.

What major nursing organization published the first nursing journal?

The American Nurses Association (ANA).

What was the focus of the ANA's Code of Ethics for Nurses adopted in 1950?

To establish ethical guidelines for nursing practice.

What was the significance of the first nurse practitioner program in the United States?

It marked the beginning of specialization in nursing.

What did the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' address?

It focused on errors in health care systems and the need for quality and safety improvements.

What is the role of the International Council of Nurses (ICN)?

To ensure quality nursing care globally and advance nursing knowledge.

What does nursing's social contract with society entail?

Society grants authority to practice and expects the profession to regulate itself responsibly.

What challenges do men face in the nursing profession?

Leadership advantages, issues, challenges, and gender bias.

What is a key strategy for reducing health disparities in nursing?

Increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in health professions.

What is the Canadian Nurses Association and when was it founded?

Founded in 1908, it represents nursing associations and colleges across Canada.

What was the impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010?

It aimed to provide affordable healthcare to all Americans and increase access to health care.

What did Lillian Wald establish in New York City?

The Henry Street Settlement, focusing on public health nursing.

Who founded the American Red Cross?

Clara Barton.

What did the Brown Report of 1948 advocate for?

The implementation of accreditation for nursing education programs.