Studied by 22 peoplePsychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior.
William Wundt
Father of Psychology and Father of Created the first laboratory dedicated to psychology research.
William Wundt
Focused on senses, reaction time, attention spans, and emotions
William James
Created Functionalism, Promoted women's involvement in psychology
Stanley Hall
Opened the first U.S. psychology lab and First president of the American Psychological Association (APA).
Mary Whiton Calkins
First female APA president
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to earn a psychology degree
Second female APA president
Significant contributions to animal research
Charles Darwin
Proposed natural selection
His ideas shaped Evolutionary Psychology
Dorothea Dix
Highlighted inhumane treatment of the mentally ill
Helped reform insane asylums
Sigmund Freud
Created Psychoanalytic Theory (later Psychodynamic Approach).
Focused on unconscious mind and unconscious motives shaping personality.
Ivan Pavlov
Studied reflex conditioning (Classical Conditioning)
Famous for experiments with dogs.
Jean Piaget
Conducted systematic study of cognitive development in children.
Created a theory of cognitive development.
Carl Rogers
Founding figure of Humanistic Psychology.
Contributed to understanding of personality.
B.F. Skinner
Expanded on Behavioralism (Behaviorism).
Known for Operant Conditioning
John B. Watson
Founder of Behaviorism.
Focused on psychology as a scientific study of observable phenomena.
Structuralism
Focused on structures of consciousness via introspection.
Functionalism
Understanding mental and behavioral processes through evolved functions
Gestalt Psychology
Studied the whole consciousness and focused on perception, sensation, learning, and problem-solving.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Approach
Unconscious processes and conflict between id, ego, and superego
Early Behavioralism
Focuses on observable, learned behaviors.
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Humanistic Approach
Humans are naturally good and seek self-actualization
Sociocultural Approach
Examines cultural, religious, and social norms impacting behavior
Evolutionary Approach
Current behaviors shaped by natural selection
Biological Approach
Links brain structures and nervous system to psychological processes
Cognitive Approach
Focuses on attitudes, memories, and perceptions
Counselors and Psychologist
Help individuals cope with life and mental challenges
Psychiatrists
Medical doctors who can prescribe medication and provide psychotherapy
Experiments
Controlled conditions to study relationships between variable
Correlational Studies
Predict relationships between variables but do not show cause and effect
Surveys
Self-reported data, prone to wording effects and social desirability bias
Naturalistic Observation
Observes behavior in a real-world setting without staging
Case Studies
Analyze different perspectives of a topic chronologically
Longitudinal Studies
Follow a group over a long period of time.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction
Causal Relationship
An independent variable (IV) causes a dependent variable (DV).
Confounding Variables
Other variables that may impact the DV.
Control Group (Placebo Group)
Receives a placebo
Experimental Group
Receives the independent variable
Reliability
Repeatability of a test or study
Validity
How well a test measures what it claims to measure
Hindsight Bias:
Tendency to think the outcome was predictable.
False Consensus Effect
Overestimating how many share one's opinions
Confirmation Bias
Focusing only on data that aligns with one's viewpoint
Experimenter/Researcher Bias
Researcher unknowingly influences the outcome
Hawthorne Effect
Participants alter behavior because they know they're being observed
APA (American Psychological Association)
Governs ethical standards in psychology
IRB (Institutional Review Board)
Ensures adequate protection for participants.
IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
Oversees the protection of animals in studies.
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