BIOL 101L Midterm

Protista

Protista

Diverse array of uni-, colonial, and multi- cellular organisms.

Protozoans

Animal-like protists that contain several phyla (group beyond Kingdom)

Paramecium

Protista; Protozoan; Ciliphora phylum (largest single-celled organisms; most complex). Heterotrophic and freshwater; Numerous hair-like cilia (for locomotion + food capture)

Oral groove

Fold on one long side of paramecium cell; lower end is called “cytopharynx”

Food vacuole

Envelops food particlesAn

Anal pore

Opening where indigestible food particles are released

Contractile vacuoles

Remove excess fluid in paramecium (two per cell) and Euglena

Macronucleus

In paramecium; maintain cell maintenance

Micronucleus

In paramecium; hold genetic information

Conjugation

In ciliates; two cells exchange micronuclei information

Euglena

Unicellular; phylum Euglenophyta; plant and animal-like; contains chlorophyll a and b, but also can use phagocytosis

Pellicle

In Euglena; acts in place of a cell wall; layer of elastic proteins just inside membrane

Flagellum

In Euglena; a whip-like structure that moves a cell

Stigma

eyespot in Euglena that contains caretnoid pigments

Pyrenoids

Organelles in Euglena involved in carbon fixation and starch formation/storage (low-light conditions)

Volvox

Phylum chlorophyll; freshwater green algae; 500-50,000 cells per colony; cells on outside of colonies are biflagellate; up to 50 are specialized for reproduction (daughter colonies)

Cytoplasmic strands

Thin connections between outer cells in a Volvox colony; surrounded by a thin mucilaginous layer

amoeba

Phylum amoebozoa; unicellular; able to alter its shape with pseudopods (move and feed); actin microphilaments push out the plasma membrane

Cell Wall

Made of cellulose; surround plant cells

Plastids

Double membrane-bound organelles in plants that manufacture and store food

Plantae

Kingdom for plants

Elodea

Phylum magnoliaphyta (flowering plants); cell wall with lots of chloroplasts; non-chloroplast regions contain vacuoles

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Movement of chloroplasts through the cytoplasm (not understand why)

Plasmolysis

Cellular shrinkage occurring as a result of a cell exposed to a hypertonic solution (water leaves)

Animalia

Kingdom for Animals

Human Epithelial Cells

phylum Chordata; prominent nuclei; little extracellular material (because cells are packed together)

Phylogenetic tree

Visualization of relationships among organisms

Branches

Visually represent lineages of organisms

Node

Where two branches on a phylogenetic tree meet

Chlorophyll a

Blue green; appears in photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll b

olive green; most but not all plants; accessory pigment

Chlorophyll c

Found in certain algae

Carotenoids

accessory pigments + flower coloring; red, orange, and yellow; split between carotenes and xanthophylls

beta-carotene

essential dietary supplement in animals; forms Vitamin A; yellow-orange

xanthophylls

yellow; three are found in leaves

Rf value

retention factor; distance a compound travels during chromatography; =(distance substance travelled)/(distance solvent travelled)

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

cocci

small sphered bacteria

spirilla

corkscrew-shaped bacteria

cyanobacteria

aka blue-green algae; unicellular or in colonies; have chlorophyll a and perform photosynthesis/nitrogen fixation (decomposition)

fungi

aka yeast; eukaryotic and heterotrophic