PSY100 - Ch 9 The knowing mind: Memory

encoding

The transformation of information from one form to another

storage

The retention of information

Retrieval

The recovery of stored information

multi-store model of memory

sensory. echoic, iconic, short-term and long-term memory

sensory memory

The first stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time

Iconic memory

Sensory memory for visual information

Echoic memory

acoustic codes, sensory memory for auditory information

short-term memory

stores the interpretation of an image. Immediate memory that will remain for only seconds unless you actively think about it → maintenance rehearsal

chunking

organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

working memory

 refers to the structures and processes used to temporarily store and manipulate information in short term memory

central executive

 control centre, directs attention to relevant information

visuospatial sketchpad

visual information

phonological loop

auditory and verbal information

episodic buffer

integrates information, links to long-term memory

maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information over and over again in order to keep it in working memory. Also known as *rote rehearsal*

elaborative rehearsal

Making connections between new information that you are trying to remember and already existing information

levels of processing theory

describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis

long term memory (LTM)

The final stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories

declarative/explicit memory

A consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize, including semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information

nondeclarative/implicit memory

An unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming

episodic memory

memory of your personal past experiences that includes information about the time and place the experiences occurred

semantic memory

memory for general knowledge about the world, things you know, even though you may not remember where or when you learned it

autobiographical memory

includes both semantic and episodic knowledge of the self

highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)

the ability to accurately recall an exceptional number of experiences and their associated dates from events occurring throughout much of one's lifetime

* jill price

procedural memory

motor skills, habits, and other behaviours that we remember how to do without thinking about it (a nondeclarative/implicit type of memory)

retrieval cue

anything that helps someone recall information from memory; encoding specificity principles

encoding specificity principle

A process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded

context-dependent memory

The improvement in memory that occurs when the external context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

state-dependent memory

The improvement in memory that occurs when the internal state of the individual is the same at encoding and retrieval

spreading activation model

A connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences

schemas

 a set of expectations about objects and situations. Hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information. Can lead to biases.

serial position effect

the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the ones in the middle

primacy effect

the tendency for individuals without neurological impairment to show enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list

recency effect

a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first

decay

A reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

proactive interference

when old (prior) information inhibits the ability to remember new information

retroactive interference

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

mnemonics

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information

method of loci

envisioning a location or physical space that you are extremely familiar with. In this location you attach the terms and information you are memorizing to various locations/spots within that place.

anterograde amnesia

inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma

long term potentiation

neuronal changes last for a long time

own race bias

a well-documented phenomenon showing that people are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race, compared to faces of different races

medial temporal lobe

* critical for episodic and spatial memory, encoding, consolidation and retrieval
* removed in patient HM researched by Brenda Milner