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Conservatism
A belief in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society along with the change of new ideas in a particular area
Liberalism
A political or social belief that focuses on the freedom of the individual through individual and civil liberties
Nationalism
A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire of territory
Natural Rights
The idea that all humans are born with universal, unalienable rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and property
Social Contract
An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; government protects subjects, subjects obey government
John Locke
An English philosopher and author of Two Treaties of Government (1690) that argued that the social contract involved the responsibility to revolt against unjust government, along with natural lights to life, liberty, and property
Baron Montesquieu
A French philosopher that encouraged the separation of powers, which was against absolutism, and wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748
Voltaire
A French philosopher that was best known for his Social Satire Candide (1762) and worked towards civil rights, religious liberty, and judicial reform; contributed to freedom of religion and speech
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French philosopher that was credited with the Social Contract Theory and General Will of the population; Wrote Emile, Discourses, On Education, The Social Contract, and more
Adam Smith
A Scottish philosopher that wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, promoted Laissez Faire instead of mercantilism, and paved the way for capitalism
Laissez Faire
An economic system meaning "leave alone" and involves governments reducing their economic involvement, instead allowing the "invisible hand" guide the market
Captialism
An economic system in which the means of production such as factories and natural resources are privately owned and are operated for profit
Socialism
A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery or land needed to mine coal
Classical Liberalism
A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
Abolitionism
A movement in the 1700s to end the Atlantic Slave Trade and free all enslaved people
Mary Wollstonecraft
An English writer/philosopher that was the founder of feminism and argued through A Vindication on the Rights of Women that women should receive universal education to prepare for the political and professional society (which they should also be part of)
Declaration of Independence
A formal statement wrote by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4th, 1776 that declared the freedom of the American colonies from Britain and expressed the philosophy behind the fight
Thomas Jefferson
The main author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States that defended the people's unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Republicanism
A theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens for the common good of the community, including the people electing representatives to create and enforce laws
Constitution
The supreme law of the states that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments passed by Congress in 1789 that created the rights of trial by jury, due process la, assembly, unreasonable search, speech, press, and religion
Estates
The French social class hierarchy that includes the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (commoners)
Bastille
A fortress in Paris that was used as a French prison and was stormed by an armed mob of Parisians
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A statement declaring basic human rights to French men that launched the French Revolution
Jacobins
A political club in the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre that was very influential, opposed the French Monarchy, and conducted the Montagnard's Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre
A French lawyer and politician involved in the French Revolution and Regin of Terror that advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, along with equal rights and universal sufferage
Girondins
A group of French Republican deputies that played a leading role in the Legislative Assembly, supported a constitutional monarchy, and opposed the Montagnards
Reign of Terror
A period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolutions, including the king and queen
Saint Domingue
French colony now known as Haiti that was extremely prosperous due to coffee and sugar plantations but was also known for extreme cruelty of slaves
Code Noir
A decree passed by Louis XIV in 1685 that defined and allowed harsh conditions for slaves that resisted their captivity
Toussaint L'Ouverture
The leader of the Haitian Revolution that helped to lead enslaved people in revolt against the French, defeated the French, and established the second republic of the Westerm Hemisphere
Simon Bolivar
A Venezuelan statesman that was the most important leader in the revolts of South America against Spanish rule and led military forces in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
Italian Unification
The political and social movement involving Count di Cavour that united different states of the Italian Peninsula into the Italian peninsula into Italy through Nationalism and realpolitik
German Unification
The political and social movement involving Otto von Bismarck
Realpolitik
The belief in practical politics of reality
Cottage Industry
A system in which merchants provide raw cotton to women who span it into finished cloth in their own homes (also known as putting-out system)
Enclosure Movement
A notion where wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers to benefit economically from farming huge tracts of land
Division of Labor
The assignment of different people to different parts of the manufacturing process to improve efficiency
Urbanizantion
The physical growth of a rural area/society into an urban city/society
Steam Engine
An engine invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power
Factory System
The system of manufacturing that started in the 1700s that involved having labor to and production take place in a single location and is based on concentration on industry into large establishments
British East India Company
An English company formed in 1600 for the exploration of trade with East, Southeast Asia, and India that led to periods of Company Rule and other restriction
Second Industrial Revolution
"Technological Revolution" was better between 1870-1914 in Europe, Russia, the U.S., and Japan and brought oil, steel, chemical engineering Synthethic dyes, rubber. and electricity
Alexander Graham Bell
A Scottish-born American inventor/scientist that was credited with the invention of the early invention of the telephone and phonograph (also taught the deaf)
Guglielmo Marconi
An Italian inventor/engineer that developed the first long-distance wireless telegraph and the first Transatlantic radio system, that lead to the invention of the radio
Muhammad Ali
An Albanian Ottoman officer that became the leader of Egypt and promoted industrialization through the Tanimat Reforms to lower Egyptian dependence on the Ottomans
Sick Man of Europe
An alternative name given to the Ottoman Empire while they were facing decline due to internal conflicts and corruption
Commodore Perry
A U.S. Naval Officer that forced Japan to partake in trade with the U.S. through intimidation and the Treaty Kanagana
Treaty of Kanagawa
A landmark agreement between Japan and the United States in 1854 that marked Japan's departure from isolationism, known as the "opening of Japan" and beginning of trade
Meiji Restoration
A period where Japan sought to escape foreign domination by fearfully adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful (defensive industrialization)
Opium War
Two wars between China and Britain, along with France, that sparked by China's goal to cease illegal importation of Opium (drug), failed, and ended with the Treaty of Nanking and Treaty of Tientsin
Stock Market
The market in which shares of publicly held companies are issued and traded either through exchanges or markets
Cecil Rhodes
A British-born American founder of De Beers Diamonds and enthusiastic investor in a railroad project from Cape Town to Cairo
Consumerism
The concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy
Sadler Report
A study released by a committee of British Parliament in 1833 that described the dangerous and unsanitary working conditions common in factory work and testified for the need of reforms
Labor Unions
Organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreement in a contract
John Stuart Mill
A British philosopher that criticized laissez-faire capitalism and instead promoted legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories (very influential in liberalism)
Utilitarianism
A philosophy by John Stuart Mill that advocates for the greatest good for the greatest amount of people and justifies immoral actions as long as they are for the benefit of the majority
Karl Marx
A German scholar and writer that argued against capitalism and for "scientific socialism", created communism, and published the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
Proletariat
The working class that worked in factories and mines for little compensation
Bourgeoisie
The middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where proletariats produced goods
Means of Production
The machines, factories, mines, land, and resources responsible for producing goods and wealth
Communism
A form of government created by Karl Marx based on collective ownership of property that strives for a classless society where everyone "benefits" from labor and wealth (only government really benefits)
Sultan Mahmud II
A sultan of the Ottoman Empire that abolished the Janissaries, developed European artillery units, increased taxes, built infrastructure, and shifted to a centralized form of government
Tanzimat System
Reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, included a series of reformations to westernize the Ottoman Empire after Mehmad II with economic, social, educational, legal, and industrial methods
Hatt-i Hymayun
The Ottoman Reform Edict issued in 1856 that updated the legal system by declaring equality for all men in education, government, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity and regulated millets
Self-Strengthening Movement
A major reform effort of the Chinese government in the late 1800s to address both internal and external problems by advancing military technology in response to a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers
Sino-Japanese War
A war between China and Japan that arose when Japan aimed to get control of China's market and natural resources that resulted in Japan winning, the Treaty of Portsmouth, and marked the failure of China's Self-Strengthening Movement
Empress Dowager Cixi
A conservative, Chinese empress that was hostile to foreign influences and rejected reforms in favor of both traditional social and government systems, but eventually supported the Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
An uprising against westernization, migration, and foreigners that was led by an organization of middle-class Chinese people known as the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Genros
Former samurai that became elder statesmen/advisors to serve the government after the bushido changed
Tenements
Apartment buildings (owned by factory owners) for working families often located in urban slums where industrialization by-products, like polluted water and open sewers, were common
Cult of Domesticity
A prevailing value system in the late 1800s that idealized the female homemaker
Feminism
A belief that campaigns for the reformation of problems concerning women, including women's rights and suffrage
Mass Production
The manufacturing of many identical products through the divisions of labor that made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more accessible others
Social Darwinism
The theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection (survival of the fittest) as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature
East India Company
An English company formed in 1600 for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India that benefitted from the Tea Act
"New Imperialism"
The period in the 1800s when the European goal was to create vast political empires abroad that included the colonization of Africa and India
King Leopold II of Belgium
The second king of the Belgians known for privately founding and exploiting the Congo Free State in Africa
Suez Canal
An artificial waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean sea that was built by Egyptians and managed by the French to avoid traveling around the entire continent of Africa
Berlin Conference
A meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa between 1884-1885
Afrikaners
The descendants of the 17th century Dutch settlers (in Africa) that were displaced from the Boer Wars
Boer Wars
A bloody and brutal conflict between the British and Afrikaners where the British wanted the Dutch Cape Colony in Africa and resulted in Afrikaners and Africans being forced from their lands
Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia
The only African counties that went unclaimed by European powers
Spheres of Influence
A country or area in which another country has power over exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources (like European powers over China)
Taiping Rebellion
A failed rebellion in 1850 where Hong Xiuquan and starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty (Qing prevailed with British and French intervention)
Siam (Thailand)
The only Southeastern Asian Nation that managed to escape imperialism with the government instituting a series of modernizing reforms like Japan
Maori
The aboriginal, indigenous people of New Zealand
Trail of Tears
The forced migration of the Eastern Woodlands (Native Americans) from the Southeast to new Indian Territory (Oklahoma) that caused malnutrition, disease, exhaustion, and death
Manifest Destiny
A natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean (White Americans believed)
Spanish-American War
A conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898 that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control
Empress Catherine II of Russia
A German-born Russian tsarina in the 1700s that set out to expand the Russian Empire that accepted Western cultural influence and gave appearance to enlightened rule
The Great Game
An intense rivalry between Britain and Russia in the 1800s where they fought for domination of Afghanistan after both wanting to expand into Central Asia
Cherokee Nation
Native Americans who formerly lived around the southern Appalachian Mountains (outside US territory), were evicted and moved to Oklahoma with the Indian Removal Act , and attempted assimilation to American culture
Tupac Amaru II
A cacique/indigenous leader in Peru that descended from the last Incan ruler and led to the unsuccessful Indian Rebellion against Spain that spread through Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina
Benito Juarez
A full-blooded Zapotec statesmen and resistance leader against the French that instituted multiple liberal reforms as Mexican president after Archduke Maximilan
Indian Rebellion of 1857
An unsuccessful rebellion against British colonial rule in India that increased Indian nationalism but resulted in Britain crushing the rebellion, executing the Mughal emperor, and ruling with the colonial British Raj
Indian National Congress
A political party formed in 1885 by British educated Indians that began as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, but eventually called for self-rule and led the independence movement in the 1930s
Jose Rizal
A Filipino polymath and nationalist that received European education and started the Liga Filipina (Philippine League) reform movement that resulted in his arrest and execution
Philippine Revolution
The Filipino struggle for independence from Sprin that started in 1896 through several revolts around Manilla caused by nationalistic ambitions; exposed weakness of colonial Spain, but failed to get independence
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