AP World History Vocab Unit 5 & 6 (1750-1900)

Conservatism

A belief in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society along with the change of new ideas in a particular area

Liberalism

A political or social belief that focuses on the freedom of the individual through individual and civil liberties

Nationalism

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire of territory

Natural Rights

The idea that all humans are born with universal, unalienable rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; government protects subjects, subjects obey government

John Locke

An English philosopher and author of Two Treaties of Government (1690) that argued that the social contract involved the responsibility to revolt against unjust government, along with natural lights to life, liberty, and property

Baron Montesquieu

A French philosopher that encouraged the separation of powers, which was against absolutism, and wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748

Voltaire

A French philosopher that was best known for his Social Satire Candide (1762) and worked towards civil rights, religious liberty, and judicial reform; contributed to freedom of religion and speech

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher that was credited with the Social Contract Theory and General Will of the population; Wrote Emile, Discourses, On Education, The Social Contract, and more

Adam Smith

A Scottish philosopher that wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, promoted Laissez Faire instead of mercantilism, and paved the way for capitalism

Laissez Faire

An economic system meaning "leave alone" and involves governments reducing their economic involvement, instead allowing the "invisible hand" guide the market

Captialism

An economic system in which the means of production such as factories and natural resources are privately owned and are operated for profit

Socialism

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery or land needed to mine coal

Classical Liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches

Abolitionism

A movement in the 1700s to end the Atlantic Slave Trade and free all enslaved people

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer/philosopher that was the founder of feminism and argued through A Vindication on the Rights of Women that women should receive universal education to prepare for the political and professional society (which they should also be part of)

Declaration of Independence

A formal statement wrote by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4th, 1776 that declared the freedom of the American colonies from Britain and expressed the philosophy behind the fight

Thomas Jefferson

The main author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States that defended the people's unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Republicanism

A theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens for the common good of the community, including the people electing representatives to create and enforce laws

Constitution

The supreme law of the states that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments passed by Congress in 1789 that created the rights of trial by jury, due process la, assembly, unreasonable search, speech, press, and religion

Estates

The French social class hierarchy that includes the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (commoners)

Bastille

A fortress in Paris that was used as a French prison and was stormed by an armed mob of Parisians

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A statement declaring basic human rights to French men that launched the French Revolution

Jacobins

A political club in the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre that was very influential, opposed the French Monarchy, and conducted the Montagnard's Reign of Terror

Maximilien Robespierre

A French lawyer and politician involved in the French Revolution and Regin of Terror that advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, along with equal rights and universal sufferage

Girondins

A group of French Republican deputies that played a leading role in the Legislative Assembly, supported a constitutional monarchy, and opposed the Montagnards

Reign of Terror

A period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolutions, including the king and queen

Saint Domingue

French colony now known as Haiti that was extremely prosperous due to coffee and sugar plantations but was also known for extreme cruelty of slaves

Code Noir

A decree passed by Louis XIV in 1685 that defined and allowed harsh conditions for slaves that resisted their captivity

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution that helped to lead enslaved people in revolt against the French, defeated the French, and established the second republic of the Westerm Hemisphere

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan statesman that was the most important leader in the revolts of South America against Spanish rule and led military forces in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

Italian Unification

The political and social movement involving Count di Cavour that united different states of the Italian Peninsula into the Italian peninsula into Italy through Nationalism and realpolitik

German Unification

The political and social movement involving Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik

The belief in practical politics of reality

Cottage Industry

A system in which merchants provide raw cotton to women who span it into finished cloth in their own homes (also known as putting-out system)

Enclosure Movement

A notion where wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers to benefit economically from farming huge tracts of land

Division of Labor

The assignment of different people to different parts of the manufacturing process to improve efficiency

Urbanizantion

The physical growth of a rural area/society into an urban city/society

Steam Engine

An engine invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power

Factory System

The system of manufacturing that started in the 1700s that involved having labor to and production take place in a single location and is based on concentration on industry into large establishments

British East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 for the exploration of trade with East, Southeast Asia, and India that led to periods of Company Rule and other restriction

Second Industrial Revolution

"Technological Revolution" was better between 1870-1914 in Europe, Russia, the U.S., and Japan and brought oil, steel, chemical engineering Synthethic dyes, rubber. and electricity

Alexander Graham Bell

A Scottish-born American inventor/scientist that was credited with the invention of the early invention of the telephone and phonograph (also taught the deaf)

Guglielmo Marconi

An Italian inventor/engineer that developed the first long-distance wireless telegraph and the first Transatlantic radio system, that lead to the invention of the radio

Muhammad Ali

An Albanian Ottoman officer that became the leader of Egypt and promoted industrialization through the Tanimat Reforms to lower Egyptian dependence on the Ottomans

Sick Man of Europe

An alternative name given to the Ottoman Empire while they were facing decline due to internal conflicts and corruption

Commodore Perry

A U.S. Naval Officer that forced Japan to partake in trade with the U.S. through intimidation and the Treaty Kanagana

Treaty of Kanagawa

A landmark agreement between Japan and the United States in 1854 that marked Japan's departure from isolationism, known as the "opening of Japan" and beginning of trade

Meiji Restoration

A period where Japan sought to escape foreign domination by fearfully adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful (defensive industrialization)

Opium War

Two wars between China and Britain, along with France, that sparked by China's goal to cease illegal importation of Opium (drug), failed, and ended with the Treaty of Nanking and Treaty of Tientsin

Stock Market

The market in which shares of publicly held companies are issued and traded either through exchanges or markets

Cecil Rhodes

A British-born American founder of De Beers Diamonds and enthusiastic investor in a railroad project from Cape Town to Cairo

Consumerism

The concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy

Sadler Report

A study released by a committee of British Parliament in 1833 that described the dangerous and unsanitary working conditions common in factory work and testified for the need of reforms

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreement in a contract

John Stuart Mill

A British philosopher that criticized laissez-faire capitalism and instead promoted legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories (very influential in liberalism)

Utilitarianism

A philosophy by John Stuart Mill that advocates for the greatest good for the greatest amount of people and justifies immoral actions as long as they are for the benefit of the majority

Karl Marx

A German scholar and writer that argued against capitalism and for "scientific socialism", created communism, and published the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

Proletariat

The working class that worked in factories and mines for little compensation

Bourgeoisie

The middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where proletariats produced goods

Means of Production

The machines, factories, mines, land, and resources responsible for producing goods and wealth

Communism

A form of government created by Karl Marx based on collective ownership of property that strives for a classless society where everyone "benefits" from labor and wealth (only government really benefits)

Sultan Mahmud II

A sultan of the Ottoman Empire that abolished the Janissaries, developed European artillery units, increased taxes, built infrastructure, and shifted to a centralized form of government

Tanzimat System

Reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, included a series of reformations to westernize the Ottoman Empire after Mehmad II with economic, social, educational, legal, and industrial methods

Hatt-i Hymayun

The Ottoman Reform Edict issued in 1856 that updated the legal system by declaring equality for all men in education, government, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity and regulated millets

Self-Strengthening Movement

A major reform effort of the Chinese government in the late 1800s to address both internal and external problems by advancing military technology in response to a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers

Sino-Japanese War

A war between China and Japan that arose when Japan aimed to get control of China's market and natural resources that resulted in Japan winning, the Treaty of Portsmouth, and marked the failure of China's Self-Strengthening Movement

Empress Dowager Cixi

A conservative, Chinese empress that was hostile to foreign influences and rejected reforms in favor of both traditional social and government systems, but eventually supported the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

An uprising against westernization, migration, and foreigners that was led by an organization of middle-class Chinese people known as the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists

Genros

Former samurai that became elder statesmen/advisors to serve the government after the bushido changed

Tenements

Apartment buildings (owned by factory owners) for working families often located in urban slums where industrialization by-products, like polluted water and open sewers, were common

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system in the late 1800s that idealized the female homemaker

Feminism

A belief that campaigns for the reformation of problems concerning women, including women's rights and suffrage

Mass Production

The manufacturing of many identical products through the divisions of labor that made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more accessible others

Social Darwinism

The theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection (survival of the fittest) as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India that benefitted from the Tea Act

"New Imperialism"

The period in the 1800s when the European goal was to create vast political empires abroad that included the colonization of Africa and India

King Leopold II of Belgium

The second king of the Belgians known for privately founding and exploiting the Congo Free State in Africa

Suez Canal

An artificial waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean sea that was built by Egyptians and managed by the French to avoid traveling around the entire continent of Africa

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa between 1884-1885

Afrikaners

The descendants of the 17th century Dutch settlers (in Africa) that were displaced from the Boer Wars

Boer Wars

A bloody and brutal conflict between the British and Afrikaners where the British wanted the Dutch Cape Colony in Africa and resulted in Afrikaners and Africans being forced from their lands

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia

The only African counties that went unclaimed by European powers

Spheres of Influence

A country or area in which another country has power over exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources (like European powers over China)

Taiping Rebellion

A failed rebellion in 1850 where Hong Xiuquan and starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty (Qing prevailed with British and French intervention)

Siam (Thailand)

The only Southeastern Asian Nation that managed to escape imperialism with the government instituting a series of modernizing reforms like Japan

Maori

The aboriginal, indigenous people of New Zealand

Trail of Tears

The forced migration of the Eastern Woodlands (Native Americans) from the Southeast to new Indian Territory (Oklahoma) that caused malnutrition, disease, exhaustion, and death

Manifest Destiny

A natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean (White Americans believed)

Spanish-American War

A conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898 that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control

Empress Catherine II of Russia

A German-born Russian tsarina in the 1700s that set out to expand the Russian Empire that accepted Western cultural influence and gave appearance to enlightened rule

The Great Game

An intense rivalry between Britain and Russia in the 1800s where they fought for domination of Afghanistan after both wanting to expand into Central Asia

Cherokee Nation

Native Americans who formerly lived around the southern Appalachian Mountains (outside US territory), were evicted and moved to Oklahoma with the Indian Removal Act , and attempted assimilation to American culture

Tupac Amaru II

A cacique/indigenous leader in Peru that descended from the last Incan ruler and led to the unsuccessful Indian Rebellion against Spain that spread through Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina

Benito Juarez

A full-blooded Zapotec statesmen and resistance leader against the French that instituted multiple liberal reforms as Mexican president after Archduke Maximilan

Indian Rebellion of 1857

An unsuccessful rebellion against British colonial rule in India that increased Indian nationalism but resulted in Britain crushing the rebellion, executing the Mughal emperor, and ruling with the colonial British Raj

Indian National Congress

A political party formed in 1885 by British educated Indians that began as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, but eventually called for self-rule and led the independence movement in the 1930s

Jose Rizal

A Filipino polymath and nationalist that received European education and started the Liga Filipina (Philippine League) reform movement that resulted in his arrest and execution

Philippine Revolution

The Filipino struggle for independence from Sprin that started in 1896 through several revolts around Manilla caused by nationalistic ambitions; exposed weakness of colonial Spain, but failed to get independence