IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

IMMUNOLOGY

Defined as the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

ANTIGEN

these are foreign substances that can induce immune response. It can be harmful/ harmless.

ANTI-BODY

Serum factors in the blood formed in response to foreign substance exposure produce by plasma cell

SEROLOGY

Study of serum and is known for the qualitative detection or quantitative analysis of antibodies or antigens concerning infection or disease diagnosis.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

is structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body.

NATURAL IMMUNITY

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

TYPE OF IMMUNITY

NATURAL IMMUNITY

ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.

ANTIGEN

refers to a substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response in the first place. CALLED IMMUNOGENS

immunogens

The immune response of lymphocytes is triggered by materials called

Age

Overall health

Dose

Route of inoculation

Factors influencing the immune response:

ANTI BODY

A.K.A. IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A gamma globulin protein

Produced by “Plasma Cells”

“opsonization”

“complement activation”

They play an essential role during “Antigen recognition” and in biological activities related to immune response such as __________ and ___________

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE

Classification of immunoglobulins:

TRUE

The response of the body will depend on the antigen introduced into the host.

First line of defense

Second line of defense

Third line of defense

Factors to consider:

First line of defense

Second line of defense

NATURAL IMMUNITY DEFENSE

Third line of defense

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY DEFENSE

BLOOD

collected aseptically by venipuncture into a clean, dry, sterile tube.

hemolysis

false positive test

Care must be taken to avoid ______, since this may produce a _________

separated

cellular elements.

Serum should be promptly ________ into another tube without transferring any _________

Fresh

non-heat inactivated serum

WHAT IS USUALLY RECOMMENDED FOR SERUM TESTING

VDRL and FTA-Abs

There are certain serological test that requires inactivated serum like?

56oC for 30 minutes

Serum should be heated at

2-8oC for up to 72hrs,

-20oC if >72 hours delay.

If testing cannot be performed immediately

considered.

Depending on the scope of testing performed in an immunology laboratory, transporting and receiving patient specimens must be_____

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT),

The International Air Transport Association (IATA),

Regulations for packaging and labeling developed by the __________ , ___________and the United Nations must be followed.

JANUARY 2007

labeling of the outer container changed.

biological substances,

Category B.

The terms clinical specimen and diagnostic specimen have been replaced with

UN 3373

This wording is placed next to the label _____.

BLOOD BAND SECTION

The section of the laboratory where blood may be collected, stored, and prepared for transfusion.

Whole Blood

Packed Red Cells

Platelet Concentrate

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Cryoprecipitate

Blood Components Available for Transfusion

plain red (serum),

lavender,

pink (plasma) stopper tubes

Blood bank samples are collected in.

GEL

Serum separator tube containing _______ are not acceptable because the gel will coat the RBCs and interfere with testing.

HEMOLYSIS

also interferes with the interpretation of test results.

PATIENT IDENTIFICATION

is critical in the blood bank, and phlebotomists must carefully follow all patient identification and sample labeling procedures to ensure that a patient does not receive a transfusion with an incompatible blood type.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF BLOOD BANK

was established in 1947. It is an international association of blood banks that includes hospital and community blood centers, transfusion and transplantation centers, and individuals involved in transfusion medicine.

THE MISSION OF AABB

to establish and provide the highest standard of care for patients and donors in all aspects of transfusion medicine.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

inspects blood banks on an annual basis; its regulations for donor are outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, parts 211, 600-799.

DONOR SCREENING

Encompasses the medical history requirements for the donor, the physical examination, and serologic testing of the donor blood.

Less than or equal 37.5°C or 99.5°F

Temperature of donor

Systole: Less than or equal to 180mm Hg Diastole: Less than or equal 100 mm Hg

Blood Pressure of donor

50-100 beats per minute

Pulse of donor

Greater than or equal to 12.5 g/ dL

Hemoglobin of donor

greater than or equal to 38%

Hematocrit of donor

50 kg or 110 lbs.

Weight of donor