Salty

high salt concentrations to fold properly, surface acidic residues, metal and water binding, aggregation, surface hydrophobic residues, hydrophobic core, enzyme flexibility

Salt in adapted proteins require _______. They have increased ______ which increases ______ and prevents ______ and they have decreased ______ with a smaller _______. Multiple peptide insertions are designed to increase ______.

increased hydrophilicity, charged, acidic, large chain, decreased hydrophobicity

Halophilic protein characteristics include:

keep salt out of the cell, sodium pumps, more impermeable membranes, compatible solutes, are not adapted to high salt, are adapted to high salt

“Salt out” adaptations work to ______ (_______, _______, ______) and their internal enzymes ______ while for “salt in” enzymes ______

highly saline, strongly stratified, steep geochemical gradient, chaotropic salt concentration, Ca2+ and Mg2+, water activity

Deep sea hypersaline anoxic brines are _____, _____, and have a ______. They are often high in _______ (e.g. _____) and have extremely low _____

Detergent

Surfactant compounds that have cleansing properties, e.g. alylbenzenesulfonate

Chaotropic Agent

Substances in an aqueous solution that can destroy the hydrogen bond network between water molecules, e.g. ethanol

solubilising hydrophobic groups, weakening hydrophobic effect

Detergents can denature proteins by _______ while chaotropic agents can denature proteins by ______

methanogenesis

The focus of the Zhuang et al paper is…

sulfate reduction, northern basin, 13C fractionation values of biogenic methanogenesis

In the Zhuang et al paper, despite _____ there is methanogenesis— more methane is produced in the ______ but both basins have _____

Southern

In the Zhuang et al paper, which basin was saltier?

methylotrophy

In the Zhuang et al paper _______ was the most thermodynamically favourable

Methylotrophy

Organisms which use reduced one-carbon compounds as the carbon source for their growth

sulfate reduction, northern, it is very low (possibly due to precipitation)

In the Zhuang et al paper, _____ was present alongside methanogenesis in the Orca basins. This was more detectable in the _____ basin, however _____

methanol

In the Orca basins, _____ is the only substrate for methanogenesis

Methanohalophilus

Mehtylotrophic methanogen found in all Zhuang et al samples

salt out, 15%, 30%

Methanohalophilus uses a _____ strategy and has an optimum salinity of _____ but can tolerate up to ____

enough energy to compete with sulphate reduction, methanol reduction, clear microbial activity in DHABs

Thermodynamic calculations showed that methylotrophic methanogenesis provides ______. Incubations show _____ is the main methanogenic method and this is one of the first papers to show _______

Aenigmarchaeota, Nanohaloarcheota

In the Gutiérrez-Preciado et al paper _____ and ____ were the two dominant phyla

pI

The pH at which a zwitterionic molecule carries no net electrical charge— the isoelectric point

Zwitterion

A molecule with both positive and negative charges but a net charge of zero

positive, negative, lowers the pI

At a pH below their pI, proteins carry a net _____ charge, while at a pH above their pI proteins carry a net _____ charge. Acidic amino acid residues are negatively charged which ______

very low pI, remain negatively charged at these pHs

The Danakil Depression lake was inferred to have proteomes with _____, meaning proteins _____

Salinity, chaotropicity

_____ and _____ are the main abiotic determinants of metagenomic composition

discovery of new archaeal phyla, Haloaenigmatarchaeota, root of Nanohaloarcheota, discovery of a new bacterial phylum

The main result of the Gutiérrez-Preciado et al paper was ______ such as ______ (_______) and _____

acidic, western canyon lakes

Archaea have more _____ proteomes than bacterial and those found in the _____ in the Danakil Depression are most adapted

Danakil Depression

Geological depression in north-eastern Ethiopia that contains hypersaline and chaotropic pools

heterotrophy, autotrophy, carbon monoxide oxidation, carbohydrates, alkanes, haloalkanes, interactions between hydrothermal fluids from marine sediments and salts

In the Gutiérrez-Preciado et al paper, _____ was common while ____ was rare (with the exception of ______). _____, _____, and _____ are the most important sources and organics come from _______

phylum, genus/species

In the Gutiérrez-Preciado et al paper, diversity was low at the _____ level but high at the ____ level

metabolic flexibility, microaerophiles, high affinity cytochromes, denitrification

The Danakil Depression showed ______ and feast/famine strategies. Aerobes were present, including ________ that use ______, and anaerobes functioned primarily in _____

obligate symbionts, more organic carbon processing, sustained at high levels

In the Gutiérrez-Preciado et al paper, Nanohaloarchaea were explained as being _____, which is consistent with other Nanoarchaea. However, Nanohaloarchaea seem to have ______ than other Nanoarchaea which may help them to be ______

rain and organic influxes from sediments, dessication

Feast metabolisms are used when there is _____ and famine metabolisms are used when there is _____

Cambrian/Ordovician, Pennsylvanian, and Mississipian, saline iron rich, non-saline iron rich, saline sulfur rich, non-saline sulfur rich

In the Zhao et al paper, 3 primary sediments were sampled: _____, ____, and _____. They can be grouped in ______, _____, _____, or ______

salinity origin, spring-specific features

In the Zhao et al paper, class level composition differed depending on ______ and ______

Campylobacter, Chlorobia, gammaproteobacteria, alphaproteobacteria

In the Mississippian, _____, _____, and ____ dominated while _____ was very low

Campylobacter, gammaproteobacteria, alphaproteobacteria

In the Cambrian/Ordovician, _____ and _____ dominated while _____ was very low

alphaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, Campylobacter, much more variable

In the Pennsylvanian, ____ and ____ dominated while _____ was very low. This area was also…

gammaproteobacteria, Campylobacter, Sulfurovum (SOB), Sulfurimonas (SOB), Sulfuricurvum (SOB), Big Bone Lick (C/O), Trinity (C/O), Sulfur (C/O), Quincy (P)

Overall, _______ were very diverse. _____ had low diversity, and all sulfur-rich springs were high in ______. _____ was only found in saline springs and _____ was only found in non-saline springs. Arcobacter and Campylobacter were common in _____ and _____ but rare in _____ and _____

richness, evenness, does not significantly differ

Cambrian/Ordovician has the highest _____ but lowest _____. The overall diversity…

older sediment, spring water communities, Fe and S and C and N cycling

In the Zhao et al paper: _____ contain more taxa, ______ strongly influence downstream microbial communities, and there is broad functional diversity involving _______

while high salt environments are on the edge of life and only a few phyla have adapted, these phyla can be quite diverse at higher taxonomic resolution

The relationship between these papers is that…

very acidic proteins, feast or famine existence, thermodynamically restricted metabolic pathways, community composition, ecological

The relationship between the papers shows that metabolic adaptations include ______, _____, and ______. Salinity and salt origin can affect ______ which can have important downstream _____ impacts