Gov 312L Brownlee Exam 1

West Asia

Middle East

Article 2 of the Constitution

Executive Branch

Commander in Chief Clause

The president is the commander in chief of the US military and has the power to use physical force. Primary responsibility to conduct the US foreign relations and deploy forcer abroad

When did Congress last declare war?

1941 - WWII

Article 1 of theConstitution

Legislative Branch

Congress power over the military

Declare war, raise and support armies, make rules regarding land capture

Do political parties dictate a president's approach to foreign policy?

No, instead look at whether or not he used force

Cold War Arc

3 part story

consists of set up, struggle, and resolution

Set Up

Autumn 1989: Victory over the cold war

February 1991: US pushes Iraq's army out of Kuwait (parade to follow)

Struggle

9/11/2001: Attacks spur US response

Fall 2001: Invade Afghanistan

Spring 2003: Invade Iraq

Resolution

August 2021: US pulls all troops out of Afghanistan. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan regains power after 20 years of dormancy

T. S. Eliot

Cyclic nature of history, to understand it you have to look at the entire picture

US and terrorism

The US has enjoyed more safety than any other country in history

Two reasons for US saftey

1. Geography: we are physically far from most conflicts

2. Economics: after WWII we had half for the worlds GDP and now spend more money on the military than the next 9 countries combined

US military bases

117 countries, bases in Europe, East, South, and West Asia

Foreign conquest

We don't spend money on it because no one can attack us

American perspective on terrorism

Our rare terrorist events make the general public feel much more at risk that is logical.

Terrorism

Non-state violence with a political aim

Trends in terrorism

1) Not a leading cause of death (0.05% of deaths in 2017)

2) Increasing because of political reasons

3) Geographically concentrated

Why is terrorism increasing?

Increasing because of internal political turmoil and opportunity for non-state groups to grow and gain power (war on terror allows this)

Where is terrorism concentrated?

Terrorism is concentrated in South Asia, West Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa

What percent of the people targeted by US foreign policy are Muslim

Close to 100%

What percent of the world population is Muslim

1/4 or 2 billion people worldwide. It is the second largest religion

Where do most Muslim people live

65% live in South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia

Top 5 most heavily Islamic countries

1. Indonesia

2. Pakistan

3. India

4. Bangladesh

5. Nigeria

No Arab states until out of the top 5

What percent of India is Muslim

1/6

Is Islam a ethnicity

No

Islamic Book

Quran

5 pillars of Islam

1. Recitation of faith

2. 5 daily prayers (facing Mecca)

3. Charitable giving or Alms

4. Fasting during the month of Ramada (based on lunar calendar)

5. Hajj or the pilgrimage to Mecca

Different sects of Islam

Sunni and Shia

What does Islam mean

submission: Commitment to god with humility. Submitting to God creates equality

Similarities of the 3 Abrahamic faiths

1) Abraham was a profit

2) Monotheistic

3) Justice, generosity, forgiveness, and faith in higher power

Jihad

a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.

mujahid (mujahideen)

person who engages in jihad

Islam impact on world

1) source of connection

2) reference point for policy making

3) reference point for political violence by non-state actors

Countries where Islam impacts policymaking

Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

President Monroe placed the Americas under the US sphere of influence and said any intervention into this area by European powers would be considered a hostile act

Open Door Policy (1899)

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. US operates alongside Western European counterparts

Open Door Policy reality

Benefitted private sector in the US, carved out streams of revenue for the US, was not an equal playing field for all parties involved

Dean Atchinson

proposed the NSC-68.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

What provoked the Truman Doctrine

1947, Turkey and Greece "at risk" for Soviet control and thus the US had to prevent it from spreading

Soviet Union

Russia and 13 socialist republics

Cold War

Expansion of communist ideas growing worldwide (Eastern block, China, Cuba, Korea, Vietnam). US and USSR are global superpowers that disagree. World forced to pick sides

Post WWII treaties and the cold war

USSR backed Warsaw pact and US backed NATO made the two superpowers formally as allies

Bipolar World

Post WWII: 2 "poles" or superpowers: US and Soviet Union

Great powers

countries with lots of military power over large regions of area

Multipolar

Pre-WWII: Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union, France, UK, and US all in power

Great Powers and Superpowers compete over

1) Economics

2) Ideas

What did the Truman Doctrine do?

Allowed US to intervene while playing it off as a defensive practice against Soviet influence. Started as economic aid for 1 year

Contaiment

Expansion of the Monroe doctrine to allow the US to move against any foreign body seeking to implement non-American ideas

NSC 68

1950 document demonstrating the US superiority to the Soviet Union in terms of materials and economics. Massive military buildup to contain perceived threat of Soviet influence

NSC 68 goals

1) attempt to develop healthy international community

2) containment

Goals of containment

Seek by all means short of war to:

1) block expansion of Soviet power

2) expose falsities in Soviet philosophy

3) induce retraction of Soviet influence

4) foster seeds of destruction within the Soviet base

November 1979

Iranian militants took over US embassy in Tehran and held 50 Americans captive

December 1979

Soviet forces invade Afghanistan

Carter and Iran

See one of our allies in the region (Iran and Saudi Arabia) become an antagonist

Carter doctrine (1980)

Doctrine set to reestablish influence over Iran with the goal of defending the oil trade and stopping the Soviets. The US could use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf

Vietnam Syndrome

American aversion to large scale ground missions abroad following the Vietnam war and 58 thousand lives lost

US expansion of influence

not unlike other foreign powers, but different because of our built in geographic safety

Foreign policy is shaped by

Economics and ideas

What stops military intervention and promotes compromises

Costs: blood and treasures

Operation Desert Shield

Defensive military deployment of a US led coalition into Saudi Arabia to deter further Iraqi aggression after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990

Operation Desert Storm

Operation that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi operation in 1991

Iraqi economic situation 1990

Iraq $80 billion in debt with $230 billion in reconstruction after the Iraq-Iran war. Their oil sales not making enough to fund their country

Saddam and Kuwait

Saddam begs Kuwait to help it's economic situation through debt forgiveness, loans, lowering its oil sales (so Iraq can sell more), and allowing Iraq to access the two island in the Gulf Coast (Warbah and Bubiyan)

George HW Bush opinion on Iraq pre 8/2/1990

Friend of Iraq, found them moderates in the region. Iraq was an ally during the Iraq-Iran war, although they disagreed on some of Saddam's choices

George HW Bush

41st president, president during Gulf War

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq (1979 - 2003) was corrupt and obsessed with power. Survived four coups and two revolutions by creating civil war with Iran (brings Iraqi Sunnis and Shias together)

Tariq Aziz

Deputy prime minister of Iraq. Declared Iraq in existential crisis due to its economic struggles if the OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) doesn't help

Emir Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah

Member of Kuwait royal family. Had to flee after Iraqi invasion and assassination of his brother

Brent Scowcroft

National Security Advisor under George H.W. Bush. Went with him to Fort David and convinced him to sent troops to Saudi Arabia

Colin Powell

Secretary of State, Vietnam vet, against invasion of Kuwait unless we have concrete reason to do so

Margaret Thatcher

Prime Minister of UK who influenced Bush's decision on US intervention regarding the invasion of Kuwait in 1990

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the USSR in 1990 during the decision to occupy Saudi Arabia and invade Kuwait. Sided with the US to dispel Saddam Hossain from Kuwait

Dick Cheney

Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush, was part of the team sent to convince King Fahd to allow international, non-Muslim troops to help protect Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion

General Normal Schwarzkopf

Head of Central Command during Desert Shield, part of team sent to convince King Fahd to allow international, non-Muslim troops to help protect Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion

King Fahd bin Abdelaziz al Saud

King of Saudi Arabia during Desert Shield and Storm. Was first to allow non-Muslim troops into the holy land (Mecca and Medina), got pushback from his people and others in the region for this choice (ex. in the reading abt Bin Laden people were angry at King Fahd)

Casper Weinberger

Secretary of Defense under Reagan, against sending troops abroad. Created three conditions to be met before dispelling troops overseas

Bill Clinton

42nd president of the US, 1993-2001, president during Desert Fox

No-Fly Zones

Area above the 36 latitude and below the 32 latitude where the US was providing aid and protection to Shiites and Kurd uprising. Prevents Iraqi army from occupying these areas.

Operation Desert Fox

President Bill Clinton launched this operation in 1998, under which 100 Iraqi military installations were bombed, setting back their ability to produce WMD. Saddam Hussein evaded the attacks

UN Security Council (UNSC) sanctions on Iraq

Placed sanctions on Iraq after first invasion of Kuwait (August 1990). Sanctions lasted until 2003. Prevented Iraq from selling oil or importing any goods besides medical aid. Destroys Iraqi economy and harms the citizens (high death toll).

Another reason Osama Bin Laden states for working towards the destruction of the US.

Dual Containment

The US's major opposition remains Iran. By keeping the Iraqi government weak, they are able to stop Iraq's military development while also keeping Iran at bay. Clinton Administration

Iraq Liberation Act

October 1998, stated that the US was going to focus on a regime change in Iraq and promote a democratic government instead

Weinberger/Powell Doctrine

States criteria for ground invasion overseas

1) no military commitment unless vital for national interests of US or its allies involved

2) combat troops committed only with clearly defined political and military objectives and with the capacity to accomplish these objectives

3) troops should no be committed to battle without a reasonable assurance of the support of public opinion and Congress

Lack of US invasion of Iraq after February 1991

1) Vietnam Syndrome = would have lost the public's support

2) The US/UK had massive international support for the expulsion of Iraq out of Kuwait, but that was it

3) The coalition that was formed to help expel Iraq would have dissolved, leaving only the US and UK to invade and overthrow Iraq

PanAm flight 103

1988 bomb scattered pieces over the Scottish countryside, killed Americans, was orchestrated by Libya

Muammar Qaddafi (Gaddafi)

Leader of Libya, was behind 1988 PanAm flight bombing, was never prosecuted bc US invaded Somalia instead

Operation Restore Hope

US sends 28,000 troops to Somalia in 1992 to help with a famine and civil war in the area

UNOSOM 1

UN sanctioned aid in Somalia to help alleviate the famine, 1992

UNITAF

United nations task force, completed work in the region in 1993

UNOSOM II

Second addition, were charged with shifting internal politics and quelling the civil war. After they were attacked they were given the orders to use violence if necessary

General Mohamed Farrah Aidid

Leader of one of the sides in the Somolian Civil War, saw UN interference as threat to his power, organized attacks on the UN troops

Operation Gothic Serpent (1993)

Special forces task force ranger operating independently of UNOSOM II to find and capture Aidid, 1993. Resulted in Battle of Mogadishu March 3-4, 1993

Battle of Mogadishu (October 3-, 1993)

battle against Somalia militia to bring down local warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid in 1993, resulted in a US defeat with soldiers bodies being dragged through the streets and a pilot held captive. Bush pulls out of Somalia early 1994

Khobar Towers bombing (1996)

Bombing of apartment building housing US servicemen in Saudi Arabia who were implementing the No Fly Zone in Southern Iraq. Bombing orchestrated by Iranian government. Did not result in military action by the US

Ayotallah Ali Khamenei

Iranian leader 1989 onward, maintains authoritarian regime in the country

First World Trade Center bombing (February 26, 1993)

Ramzi Yousef (Pakistani) and coconspirators explode van underneath Tower 1 (North Tower) of the World Trade Center as a way of forcing the US to stop supporting the Israeli killing of Arabs

Ramzi Yousef

World Trade Center bombing 1993, cited the bombing in Lebanon (1984) that the only way to enact change was by extreme violence. Was not funded by Al Qaeda. Only sought to end the killing of Arabs by Israel