evolution

What do fossil records show about species complexity?

Species complexity increases over time.

What is radiometric dating used for?

To determine the age of rocks or fossils by analyzing isotopes.

What does biogeography support?

The distribution of species supports evolution (e.g., Galápagos finches).

Define homologous structures.

Structures with similar anatomy but different functions (e.g., vertebrate limbs).

Define analogous structures.

Structures with similar functions but different origins (e.g., bird and insect wings).

What are vestigial features?

Rudimentary structures with no current function (e.g., human tailbone).

How does biochemical evidence support evolution?

DNA and protein comparisons show evolutionary relationships.

What is artificial selection?

Human-directed evolution through selective breeding (e.g., in agriculture).

Who proposed that species change over time?

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon.

What was Lamarck's incorrect theory?

Inheritance of acquired traits.

What did Darwin observe in the Galápagos?

Finches with varying traits suited to their environments.

What is natural selection?

Variations in traits lead to differential survival and reproduction.

What is taxonomy?

The system of classifying organisms.

What is binomial nomenclature?

A two-part scientific naming system (Genus species).

List the hierarchy of classification.

Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

Define phylogeny.

The evolutionary history of a species or group.

What is a monophyletic group (clade)?

A group that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.

Name the six kingdoms.

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

What are the sources of variation in a population?

Mutations, genetic variation in the gene pool, and sexual reproduction.

What is allopatric speciation?

Speciation due to physical separation and independent evolution of populations.

What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?

Gradualism is slow, continuous evolution, while punctuated equilibrium involves rapid changes followed by stability.

Define divergent evolution.

When one species evolves into many (adaptive radiation).

Define convergent evolution.

When unrelated species evolve similar traits.

What is the purpose of a cladogram?

To visually represent evolutionary relationships.

What is maximum parsimony in cladograms?

The simplest evolutionary tree is preferred.