APUSH - Adam Norris Terms

Juan de Sepulveda

advocated harsh treatment of natives; justified such through Christianity (period 1)

Bartholomew de Las Casas

argued that Natives deserved better treatment helped end the encomienda system (period 1)

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay Company; Puritan with little toleration (period 2)

Roger Williams

established Rhode Island; kicked out of MA (period 2)

Anne Hutchinson

challenged gender norms and clergy; kicked out of MA (period 2)

William Penn

founded Pennsylvania; religious and ethnic diversity (period 2)

John Locke

enlightenment period with natural rights; inspired Declaration of Independence (period 2)

Jonathan Edwards

started the 1st Great Awakening (period 2)

George Whitfield

great orator of the 1st Great Awakening (period 2)

Chief Pontiac

leader of Pontiac's Rebellion after 7 years war with natives vs. colonists (period 3)

Ben Franklin

co-author of Dec of Ind; helped gain support of France after Saratoga (period 3)

Mercy Otis Warren

influential writer that urged independence (period 3)

Americans that wanted independence from Britain

Colonial leaders and grassroots movement (period 3)

Thomas Paine

author of The Common Sense (period 3)

Marquis de la Fayette

French war general that helped Washington in Rev. war (period 3)

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams; "remember the ladies" (period 3)

Daniel Shays

rev. war veteran that led a rebellion against farm foreclosures and high state taxes (period 3)

Writers of the Federalist Papers

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (period 3)

George Washington

first president; farewell addressed warned against political parties and foreign alliances (period 3)

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's secretary of state; leader of Democratic-Republicans (period 3)

Alexander Hamilton

secretary of treasury of Washington; leader of the Federalists (period 3)

John Marshall

chief justice of Supreme Court; strengthened federal government over the states (Marbury v. Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v. MD) (period 4)

Henry Clay

creator of American System and leader of the Whigs; responsible for Missouri Compromise, tariff compromise of 1833, and Compromise of 1850 (period 4)

Andrew Jackson

leader of Democrats in second party system; see universal while male suffrage under him (period 4)

Eli Whitney

interchangeable parts and cotton gin (period 4)

John C Calhoun

Senator from SC; part of Great Triumvirate; said slavery was a "positive good" (period 4)

Know Nothing Party

Nativism party and anti-immigrant; popular in 1840s and 1850s; wanted to limit immigrant's political power and influence (period 4)

Denmark Vessey

planned a large scale rebellion in South Carolina that never happened in the 1820s (period 4)

Nat Turner

1831 with slave rebellion that was successful in killing whites (period 4)

Frederick Douglass

former slave, great orator for abolitionism, advocated women's rights (period 4)

William Llyod Garrison

published the Liberator; wanted uncompensated and immediate end of slavery (period 4)

John Brown

involved in Bleeding Kansas and Harper's Ferry (period 4)

Harriet Tubman

main helper and symbol of the Underground Railroad (period 4)

Dorothea Dix

advocated for the treatment of the mentally ill (period 4)

Horace Mann

advocated education (period 4)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

major role at Seneca Falls for Women's rights (period 4)

Charles G Finney

involved in the 2nd Great Awakening (period 4)

Brigham Young

moved Mormons out west to Utah (period 4)

John L O'Sullivan

coined the term Manifest Destiny (period 5)

David Wilmot

responsible for Wilmot Proviso (period 5)

Abe Lincoln

free soil platform of 1860 (period 5)

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

radical republicans (period 5)

Hiram Revels

first African American elected to Congress; represented new freedoms African Americans got from reconstruction (period 5)

Encomienda system

royal grant of land to settlers from Spanish monarchy where they promised to convert natives; used them for labor; eventually replaced with African slave labor (period 1)

Maize

main agriculture of the natives in SW US and Mexico (period 1)

Great Plains/Basin natives

lacked resources so lived nomadic lifestyles; hunters (period 1)

Columbian Exchange

exchange of goods, ideas, disease, and people between Europe, Africa, and America (period 1)

Columbian Exchange effect on Europe

stimulated population growth due to influx of potatoes and maize and the surge of capitalism (period 1)

Columbian Exchange effect on Africa

Spanish and Portuguese started slave trade in West Africa that led to the Middle Passage (period 1)

Columbian Exchange effect on America

diseases decimated native population, more access to technologies (guns and horses), and racially mixed populations (Mestizos) (period 1)

What natives continue to strive for throughout American history

autonomy aka self-rule (period 1)

New England Colonies

established by Puritans; seeking for a likeminded communities; agricultural and commercial economy (period 2)

Middle Colonies

agriculture of cereal crops; diverse colonies with religious toleration (period 2)

Chesapeake Colonies

tobacco agriculture introduced by John Rolfe; first used indentured service than shifted to African slave labor (ei Bacon's Rebellion) (period 2)

Southern Colonies

the West Indies; agriculture of staple crops and heavy use of slave labor; African slaves commonly made up the majority of the population (period 2)

Pueblo Revolt

in SW US; natives against Spanish because they were trying to end non-Christian practices; pueblos rebelled and kicked out the Spanish; turning point because when Spanish return they push for assimilation (period 2)

Anglicization of British Colonies

Trans-Atlantic prints and commercial ties with Britain (period 2)

Enlightenment

focus on reason and intelligence; starting to question governments such as monarchy; philosophers of Locke and Montesquieu (wanted separation of powers of 3 branches); heavily influenced revolutionary period and formation of American government (period 2)

Mercantilism

the world has finite wealth determined by the amount of gold; acquire wealth through trade and new sources (period 2)

Seven Years War

caused by conflict in Ohio Valley; effect: France is removed from North America; WATERSHED event: end of salutary neglect and colonial taxation begins (period 3)

Sugar Act of 1764

tax on foreign sugar, luxury, and imported goods; smugglers could be tried without jury; colonists boycotted and the act was repealed (period 3)

Quartering Act 1765

colonists were to give shelter and food to British soldiers; tensions amounted to the Boston Massacre; response later seen in amendment 3 (period 3)

Stamp Act 1765

first direct tax paid by the colonists; Stamp Act Congress got together and decided to collectively boycott; caused repeal and installation of the Declaratory act (period 3)

Declaratory Act 1766

stated the British government had the power to do anything to the colonies; not noticed by colonists until later (period 3)

Tea Acts 1773

made English Tea cheaper than foreign tea; colonists responded with boycotting, smuggling, and the Boston Tea Party; resulted in the Intolerable Acts of 1774 (period 3)

Coercive Acts

directed at Boston; closed harbor, reduced legislative power to increase royal governor's power, let troops be quartered in private homes, and let GB officials to be tried in GB (period 3)

American disadvantages in Revolutionary war

loyalist oppostiiton, GB had the military and finances (period 3)

Why America won the Revolutionary war

support from France (Saratoga), deep ideological commitment (period 3)

Articles of Confederation

weak central government; NW Ordinance was the first congressional ban on slavery; provided a way to organize western land and reserve areas of education in such (land ordinance); fed. gov. couldn't tax, no national military (Shay's Rebellion), 13 states to amend and 9/13 states to pass laws (period 3)

Shay's Rebellion vs. Whiskey Rebellion

showed that the American government had strengthen and was able to put down rebellions that could have previously destroyed the new nation under the Articles; showed that the Constitution was stronger (period 3)

Thomas Paine and The Common Sense

told Americans that it was only reasonable to break away from Britain; got more patriotism circulating and more people for such rather than against (period 3)

Declaration of Independence

listed specific grievances of King GIII and justified the Revolution; took ideals from Locke; written by Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams (period 3)

Patrick Henry

advocated for taxation without representation and was an anti-federalist (period 3)

Constitutional compromises

Great Compromise: bicameral, house of reps based on population, Senate based on equal per state, combination of Virginia and New Jersey Plan

3/5 Compromise: settled that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person for the south mainly

Slave Trade Compromise: outlawed international slave trade after 1808 (period 3)

The issue the Constitution failed to address

Slavery (period 3)

Constitution

based on compromises, limitation of federal powers, feudalism, and separation of powers; faced problems in ratification because of lack of Bill of Rights (federalists and antifederalists) (period 3)

Bill of Rights

added the protection of people's rights to appease the anti-federalsits; after drafting of the Constitution (period 3)

Impact of Revolutionary ideals from the Rev. war and Dec. of Ind.

caused French, Haiti, and Latin American revolution (period 3)

Washington's Farewell Address

warned against political parties and foreign alliances; due to tensions that were arising with France because of bettering relations with Britain (period 3)

The American System

Clay's plan to unify national economy; National bank, protective tariffs (infant industries), and internal improvements; more so benefited NE and NW; regional concerns over national (period 4)

First Party System

Federalists and Democratic Republicans (period 4)

Federalists

loose interpretation, pro-Britain, BUS and merchants; Hamiltons (period 4)

Democratic-Republicans

strict interpretation, pro-French, yeoman farmer; BUS bad, Jeffersonian (period 4)

Second Party System

Democrats and Whigs (period 4)

Democrats (period 4)

common man, white male suffrage, fan of spoils system, low tariffs, Jacksonian

Whigs

response to Jackson, pro-tariffs, strong Congress, internal improvements (American System), and BUS (period 4)

Louisiana Purchase

beginnings of Manifest Destiny; large edition of land to the New Nation; caused Jefferson to rethink strict interpretation (period 4)

Marshall Court

defining the role of Supreme court and asserting federal powers over state laws (period 4)

Marbury v. Madison

dealing with the Midnight judges; caused Marshall to declare the Supreme Court's ability of judicial review (period 4)

Gibbons v. Ogden

established Congress' power to regulate interstate trade even over monopolies (period 4)

Second Great Awakening

achieving perfection; inspired the movements of abolitionism and women's rights that were often linked; rejection of deism (period 4)

Xenophobia

fear of foreigners; common in the themes of nativism (period 4)

Immigrants of Period 4

Irish went to cities, Germans to frontier; caused more people out west and reliance on Northeast economy (period 4)

Harford Convention 1814

death blow to Federalists; planned to secede (period 4)

Missouri Compromise 1820

short term and sectional; MS and Maine together admitted; above the 36 30' Louisiana Purchase territory would be free; formal divide (period 4)

Tallmadge Amendment at Missouri Compromise

proposed complete free soil from there on out and eventual emancipation throughout; too controversial (period 4)

Market Revolution

more transportation and technology caused production to be more outside of the home (period 4)

Republican motherhood

the idea that mothers needed to educate the family to promote the ideals of a republic and make active members of such; women gained more access to education because of this (period 4)