Studied by 33 people
prokaryotic cells
no organelles or “compartmentalization”
eukaryotic cells
DNA in nucleus and specialized organelles
gene
units of inheritance within DNA that transmit info from parents to offspring
DNA
blueprints for making proteinsge
gene expression
converting info from gene to a cell
genome
entire set of genetic instructions
genomics
study of sets of genes within and between species
metabolism
chemical reactions and energy changes that take place within an organism
proteomics
study of protein sets in DNA
sun
the ultimate source of energy
producer/autotroph
extract energy & nutrients from a nonliving environment
consumer/heterotroph
eat other organisms for nutrientsd
decomposers
obtain energy from waste or dead organisms
mutation
change in DNA which occurs in all organisms
adaptation
inherited characteristic/behavior which enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in a given environment
natural selection
enhanced survivability of certain individuals from a population based on inheritance
evolution
change in genetic makeup of a population
taxonomy
classification of life (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)
binomial nomenclature
genus (capital) species (lowercase)
archaea
single celled found in extreme habitats (do not cause disease)
bacteria
single celled (do cause disease)
eukarya
unicellular/multicellular with nucleus (have four kingdoms - fungi, animals, plants, protista)
fungi
eating or digesting other organisms (molds, mushrooms, parasites)a
protista
“none of the above” category for single-celled organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi
inquiry
search for info and explanation but not so structured
data
recordable observations (qualitative or quantitative)
inductive reasoning
using observations to make generalizations (specific → general)
deductive reasoning
if true in general, true for all (general → specific)
hypothesis
possible logical explanation that is testable or falsifiable
dependent variable
measured variable, shows response
independent variable
changed variable (only one per experiment)
control
where everything is as is before experiment
placebo
substance resembling treatment given to experimental group
double-blind design
neither researchers nor participants know who received substance being evaluated
theory
explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been rigorously tested and has never been refuted
element
substance that cannot be broken down
compound
substance of 2+ elements in fixed ratio
essential elements
20-25% of the 92 elements that are needed by an organism
trace elements
required for life only in minute quantities
atom
smallest unit of matter
isotopes
two atomic forms of an element that differ in # of neutrons
radioactive isotopes
decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy
energy
capacity to cause change
potential energy
energy that matter has bc of location or structure
electron energy level
correlates with average distance from the nucleus
bonding capacity
number of bonds that an atom can form
chemical bonds
attractions that hold atoms together when sharing valence electrons
covalent bond
strongest; sharing of a pair of valence e- by 2 atoms
electronegativity
attraction of e- to a covalent bond (higher = stronger pull)
nonpolar covalent
atoms share e- equally
polar covalent
1 atom is more electronegative (e- not equally shared so partial - or + charge)
ionic
second strongest; where atoms strip e- from bonding partner and form in crystals
cation
pos charged ion
anion
neg charged ion
hydrogen bond
third strongest; forms when H covalent bonds to an electronegative atom and attracted to another (usually O or N in living cells)
Van Der Waals
weak interactions; e- may be distributed asymmetrically where regions of pos or neg charge enable atoms to stick together when VERY close together
ionic bond
attraction between anion and cation
weak chemical bonds
necessary so that bonds can be broken, like in DNA
molecular shape
determines how molecules recognize and respond to one another, but they must be folded right in order to function
cohesion
molecules stay close together
emergent properties of water
cohesive behavior
moderate temp
expand when freezing
versatility as a solvent
adhesion
sticking to another surface
surface tension
how hard to break liquid surface
kinetic energy
energy of motion
temperature
represents avg kinetic energy of molecules
thermal energy
(transfer) total amt of KE due to motion
calorie
amt of heat to raise 1g water by 1 C
kilocalorie
1000 calories
joule
.239 cal (1 cal = 4.184 J)
specific heat
amount of heat absorbed/lost for 1g by 1 C
heat is released
when bonds form…
heat is absorbed
when bonds break…
heat of vaporization
heat a liquid absorbs for 1g to become a gas
evaporative cooling
evaporating liquid to cool the surface
solution
homogeneous mixture of substances
solvent
dissolvent in solution
solute
dissolved substance
aqueous solution
water is the solvent
hydration shell
where water surrounds each ion when a compound is dissolved
hydrophilic
affinity (like) water
hydrophobic
no affinity (no like) water
H+
acids increase….
OH-
bases increase…
buffers
minimize changes in [H+] and [OH-]
organic compound
contains carbon
macromolecules
carbs
lipids
proteins
valences of carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrocarbons
organic molecules with only C and H; can undergo reactions that release a large amt of energy
Note 
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