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Anatomy
The study of the shape and structure of the human body.
Physiology
The study of the function of the human body.
Anatomic position
The body standing erect with face forward, feet together, and arms at the side.
Midsagittal plane
The vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Transverse plane
The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Frontal plane
The vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body.
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body.
Cells
The basic units of structure of the human body.
Tissues
Groups of cells organized based on structural and functional similarities.
Organs
Structures composed of different types of tissues working together.
Body systems
Groups of organs that work together to perform major functions.
Epithelial tissue
Tissue that forms a covering for external and internal body surfaces.
Connective tissue
Tissue that provides support and connects organs and tissues.
Muscle tissue
Tissue that has the ability to lengthen and shorten to move body parts.
Nerve tissue
Tissue responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.
Skeletal system
Composed of bones and provides structure and support to the body.
Muscular system
Composed of muscles that facilitate movement.
Cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart and blood vessels, responsible for transporting blood.
Lymphatic system
Composed of lymph vessels and nodes, involved in immune response.
Nervous system
The communication system of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
Respiratory system
Responsible for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
Digestive system
Involved in the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of food.
Endocrine system
A network of glands that control growth and metabolism through hormones.
Urinary system
Responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine.
Integumentary system
The skin system, the body's first line of defense against the environment.
Ventral cavity
The front body cavity, subdivided into thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Dorsal cavity
The back body cavity, divided into cranial and spinal cavities.
Axial skeleton
Composed of 80 bones, including the skull and spinal column.
Appendicular skeleton
Composed of 126 bones, including limbs and pelvic area.
Osteoblasts
Cells associated with bone formation.
Compact bone
Hard, dense bone forming the outer layer.
Cancellous bone
Lighter, less dense bone found inside.
Bone marrow
Gelatinous material that produces blood cells.
Joints
Areas where two bones come together to allow movement.
Fibrous joints
Joints that do not move.
Cartilaginous joints
Joints that move slightly.
Synovial joints
Joints that move in many directions.
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint.
Osteoporosis
Age-related disease characterized by loss of bone density.
Skeletal muscle
Striated muscle attached to bones, allowing voluntary movement.
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found in internal organs.
Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle found in the heart.
Cardiovascular system
Composed of the circulatory system, heart, and lymphatic system.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Blood vessels that return waste-filled blood to the heart.
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels connecting arteries and veins.
Plasma
The fluid component of blood that transports nutrients and waste.
Lymph nodes
Structures that produce antibodies and fight disease.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Composed of cranial and spinal nerves.
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by seizures.
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease affecting the respiratory system.
Endocrine glands
Glands that produce hormones, including the pancreas and thyroid.
Renal failure
Loss of kidney function.
Oral mucosa
The lining of the oral cavity.
Periodontium
Supporting structures for teeth, including alveolar bone and periodontal ligament.
Odontogenesis
The development of teeth.
Anodontia
A dental developmental disturbance characterized by the absence of teeth.
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