Anatomage Week 10 - combined

green: peritoneum

blue: kidneys

green and blue are showing that the kidneys are retroperitoneal

posterior abdominal wall

purple

blue: left kidney

yellow: T12

orange: L3

blue, yellow,orange

hilum

green

green: fibrous renal capsule

blue: perirenal fat

green and blue surrounding each kidney

orange: renal fascia

purple: pararenal fat

orange and purple

renal cortex

green

renal medulla

blue

renal columns

yellow

renal pyramids

purple

renal lobe

orange

renal papilla

green

minor calyx

teal

major calyces

blue

renal pelvis

teal

minor and major calyces

renal medulla

renal pyramids

renal lobe

afferent arteriole

yellow

glomerulus

green

efferent arteriole

purple

orange: peritubular capillaries

green: vasa recta

efferent arteriole give rise to orange and green

green: renal hilum

yellow: ureter

red: abdominal aorta

green yellow and red

interlobular vein

segmental artery

interlobar vein

arcuate artery

renal plexus

the kidneys are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system via 

sympathetic nerve fibers from T10-T12/ splanchnic nerves

role in blood pressure regulation

yellow

Vagus nerve

the parasympathetic innervation occurs thru the

yellow: cortical nephron

blue: juxtamedullary nephron

yellow:

blue:

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

3 processes of urine formation

golmerular filtration

pressure driven movement of fluid and small solutes out of blood to form filtrate (ions, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes)

tubular reabsorption  

process by which substances are moved via diffusion or active transport from filtrate back into blood 

tubular secretion

active transport of solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid. allows for excretion of substances that were not initially apart of the filtrate 

urine= filtration - reabsorption + secretion 

urine= [ ] - [ ] + [ ]

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

green: renal corpuscle

purple: renal tubule

green:

purple: 

blue: glomerulus

orange: Bowman’s capsule 

blue:

orange: 

blue: visceral layer

red: parietal layer 

blue:

red: 

simple squamous

the parietal layer consists of [ ] epithelium that surrounds the glomerulus

capsular space 

pink: podocyte

purple: pedicels

pink:

purple:

filtration slit

filtration membrane

fenestrated capillaries + podocytes = [ ]

0.8-2 L

avg urine output per day

name: proximal convoluted tubule

function: tubular reabsorption

lining: simple cuboidal epithelium w/ microvilli for increased surface area 

name:

function: 

lining: 

loop of Henle

red: descending limb

blue: ascending limb

red:

blue: 

reabsorb ions

blue’s function

reabsorb water 

red’s function

green: thick segment lined with simple cuboidal 

purple: thin segment lined with simple squamous 

green:

purple:

name: distal convoluted tubule

function: secretion of H+ and K+ ions

lining: simple cuboidal, sparse microvilli

name:

function: 

lining:

ADH stimulates DCT to reabsorb additional water 

increased blood solute concentration leads to what in the DCT

aldosterone stimulates the DCT to have additional reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

decreased blood volume or increase in blood potassium leads to what in the DCT

PTH stimulates the DCT to reabsorb Ca2+ resulting in less Ca2+ excretion 

decreased blood calcium levels leads to what in the DCT

name: collecting duct

function: last structure to modify fluid, but only under the influence of only ADH and aldosterone 

lining: simple cuboidal epithelium 

name: 

function: 

lining: 

papillary ducts

collecting ducts form [ ], which empty into the minor calyx 

juxtaglomerular structure

juxtaglomerular (granular) cells, modified smooth muscle cells, release renin in response to signals from macula densa

yellow arrow

macula densa

blue arrow

extraglomerular mesangial cells

green arrow

macula densa, modified columnar epithelium

juxtaglomerular cells

If macula densa detect a decrease in ion concentration, then they stimulate _____ cells to release renin which actives RAAS

extraglomerular mesangial cells

Podocytes

nephron

type of cell

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular filtration involves pressured movement of fluid and solutes from the blood into ___ (blue arrows)

capillaries

orange

Bowman’s capsule

green

endothelium

filtration membrane is composed of ____ (yellow)

visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

purple

basement membrane

blue

afferent arteriole

green

visceral layer

orange cells

foot processes

purple

filtration slits/slit diaphrams

yellow

capsular space

outlined in blue

capsular space

blue space

the rate at which the nephrons push fluid from the glomerular capillaries

What is GFR?

fluid movement out of the blood and into the capsular space

Elevated Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) promotes … red arrow

proteins that remain in the glomerulus create glomerular oncotic pressure, which has a tendency to pull fluid back into the glomerular capillaries

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (HPc): red arrow

Filtrate with bowman’s capsule exerts capsular hydrostatic pressure which impedes additional movement of fluid from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space

capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc): red arrows

a decrease in blood volume with concomitant reduction in blood pressure

An increase in GFR resuts in increased urine production and ?

intrinsically and extrinsically

As the primary contributor to GFR, capillary hydrostatic pressure can be adjusted both ________ and _______ as needed to tightly regulate GFR.

which decreases HPg and GFR, and causes decreased urine volume

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole decreases blood flow into the glomerulus…..

which also decreased HPg and GFR, causing decreased urine volume

Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole increases flow out of the glomerulus…

macula densa cells stimulate afferent arteriole vasoconstriction to reduce GFR, slowing filtrate flow and optimizing reabsorption

high concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the filtrate indicate high flow rate with decreased reabsorption. causing?

sympathetic nervous system and hormones

Extrinsic control of GFR maintains mean arterial pressure through activation of what?

decrease in GFR, and in turn increasing blood volume and systemic blood pressure

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in vasoconstriction throughout the body resulting in…

an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to a drop in blood pressure and initiates a cascade of events resulting in generalized increased in blood pressure

What is renin?

RAAS… know this .. mucha will def test this

What is this?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

Pressure within capillaries that pushes fluid out of blood

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)

Pulls fluid back into blood due to presence of proteins

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

Opposes movement of fluid out of blood

microvilli = purple

proximal convoluted tubule = green

right image: purple and green

yellow arrow= transcellular reabsorption 

red= basolateral surface

light blue ring= apical surface

neon blue arrow = paracellular reabsorption

yellow arrow, red outer ring, light blue inner ring, and neon blue arrow

bowman’s capsule

orange

proximal convoluted tubule

green