Biomolecules and Macromolecules (2.4-2.6)

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts about carbon, macromolecules, and origin-of-life experiments from the notes.

Carbon has up to ____ bonds.

four

The molecular orbitals of methane point to the four corners of a .

tetrahedron

The structure of carbon molecules vary in presence of (a) , (b) , (c) double bond position, and (d) presence of .

length; branching; rings

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different are known as constitutional isomers.

structural formulas

The functional group with formula -NH2 is the group.

amino

The functional group -COOH is the group.

carboxyl

The functional group -OH is the group.

hydroxyl

The phosphate group is represented as .

-OPO3H2

The R group is the group.

side chain

A protein is formed when amino acids are joined by a bond.

peptide

Nucleotides are composed of sugar, phosphate, and .

nitrogenous base

Pyrimidine bases have a ring; purines have a ring.

single; double

In DNA, A pairs with and C pairs with .

T; G

The most common form of DNA is a .

double helix

The base uracil is used in RNA instead of .

thymine

Nucleic acids have a sugar-phosphate .

backbone

DNA contains sugar and RNA contains sugar.

deoxyribose; ribose

Aspartic acid (Asp) and Glutamic acid (Glu) are examples of amino acids.

acidic

Lysine (Lys), Arginine (Arg), and Histidine (His) are examples of amino acids.

basic

Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by .

food

Complete proteins contain all nine amino acids.

essential

Amino acids are the of proteins.

monomers

All amino acids have an amino group and a functional group.

carboxyl

Amino acids vary in their properties based on the molecules found in the group.

R (side chain)

Glycine (G) is the amino acid.

simplest

Polar side chains are hydrophilic; acidic amino acids have a charged side chain.

negatively

Basic amino acids have a charged side chain.

positively

Nonessential amino acids are made by the body from amino acids.

essential

Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and .

stress

A peptide bond forms between the group of one amino acid and the group of the adjacent amino acid.

amino; carboxyl

In RNA, Adenine pairs with and Guanine pairs with .

Uracil; Cytosine

RNA is usually a single but capable of base pairing.

strand

Pyrimidine bases have a single ring and purines have a double ring.

Pyrimidine bases have a single ring; Purine bases have a double ring.

The backbone of DNA and RNA is formed by a sugar-phosphate .

backbone

The most common form of DNA is a double .

helix

RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of .

thymine

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that include fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and .

steroids

Fats molecules (triglycerides) are comprised of 1 glycerol and three acids.

fatty

Fatty acids are attached to glycerol via bonds (ester bonds).

ester

An unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more carbon–carbon bonds.

double

A cis fatty acid has hydrogens on the side of the double bond; a trans fatty acid has them on the side.

same; opposite

Steroids consist of fused rings.

four

Cholesterol modulates membrane .

fluidity

The Miller–Urey experiments demonstrated that polymers that are the basis for life can arise from molecules.

non-organic