AP Human Vocab Unit 3

culture

culture is a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects

cultural traits

a particular group's individual skills customs, and ways of doing things. ex. the united states developed a strong sense of competitiveness in school and business and believe hard work is the key to success

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. ex. many cultures have taboos against eating certain foods, such as pork and beef.

traditional culture/folk culture

small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and unlikely to change

global/pop culture

large, heterogeneous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media. quick to change. time-space compression plays a huge role in this culture. ex. social media

cultural landscape

the visible reflection of a culture - or built environment. ex. rice farms in asia

material culture

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

artifacts

visible, physical objects created by a culture

mentifacts

ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture. ex. religious beliefs, food preferences, and language

sociofacts

ways people organize their society and relate to one another

nonmaterial culture

culture that consists of intangible concepts or those not having a physical presence

traditional architecture

a style of architecture style reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values and community adaptions to the environment

post modern architecture

a architectural style that was developed after the 1960's, it moves away from the traditional boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high-rise structures

cultural realms

the entire region throughout which a culture prevails. criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development.

sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

culture hearth

area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

ethnicity

membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences

centripetal forces

are forces that unify group of people or a region

centrifugal forces

forces that divide a group of people or a region

ethnocentrism

when a cultural group or person thinks there cultural group is better/of more importance than another culture

diffusion

the spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture and/or culture traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them.

expansion diffusion

the spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration

contagious diffsion

a type of diffusion that spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people.

stimulus Diffusion

a type of diffusion when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture

hierarchial diffusion

a type of diffusion that spreads outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence.

lingua franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language. ex. english

pidgin language

simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group. ex. in new papa guinea, the pidgin combines English and Papuan languages.

creole language

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

social Constructs

ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature

time-space convergence

the interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

cultural convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

indo-european language family

a large of group of languages that might have descended from, a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. ex. russian, hindi, etc.

romance language family

The unifying language of latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages. ex. french, spanish, portuguese, italian, and romanian.

isogloss

the boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage

dialects

Variations of accent, grammer, usage, and spellings. ex.the english word "you all" in the south is "y'all"

official language

one designated by law to be the language of government

ethinic religion

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers

universal religion

a religion that actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic background

universalizing religion

a religion open to all people regardless of their ethnicity, language, social status, or nationality

polytheistic

belief in many gods. ex. hindi

monotheistic

belief in one god. ex. christianity

hinduism

a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. believed to be polytheistic, but known for one god having multiple forms

buddism

a religion that grew out of teachings of a prime named Siddhartha who lived around 600 B.C.E

sikhism

a relatively new universalizing monotheistic faith, founded guru Nanak in the Punjab region

judaism

A religion that was. on of the first monotheistic faiths, this religion belives in writings in the Torah

christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

islam

a religion followed by muslims. Muslims belive that Allah- reveled his teachings to humans through a series of prophets

acculturation

often, an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture

assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

multiculturalism

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions. ex. the united states and most receiving societies