John Rawls and the veil of ignorance

John Rawls (1921 - 2002)

an American philosopher, introduced the Veil of Ignorance as a thought experiment in his influential book A Theory of Justice (1971). The Veil of Ignorance is a key component of his theory of justice as fairness, which seeks to establish principles for structuring a just society.

The Concept of the Veil of Ignorance

The Veil of Ignorance is a hypothetical scenario designed to remove bias and self-interest when determining principles of justice.

Rawls asks us to imagine that we are behind a "veil of ignorance," where we do not know our personal characteristics or social status. For instance, we don't know:

Our gender, race, or ethnicity

Our socioeconomic status

Our talents, intelligence, or abilities

Our religious or political beliefs

In this impartial position, we are tasked with

designing the rules, institutions, and structures that will govern society. Because we do not know where we would end up in this society (rich or poor, powerful or marginalized), the rules we create would be fair and just for everyone.

Equal Liberty Principle

Each person has an equal right to the most extensive set of basic liberties compatible with the same liberties for others.

Difference Principle

Social and economic inequalities are permissible only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.

Examples of the Veil of Ignorance in Action

Designing a Tax System, Universal Healthcare, Education Policies.

Significance of the Veil of Ignorance

promoting fairness and equality because it compels us to think beyond our own self-interest. By imagining ourselves in a position where we could occupy any role in society, we are encouraged to design systems and policies that are just, impartial, and beneficial to all members of society, especially the most vulnerable.