AP World Unit 2 Vocabulary

Land Based Empires and Transoceanic Interconnections

CHAPTER 9

1254-1324 Italian merchant whose accounts of his travels to China and other land became legendary

Marco Polo

1304-1368 The best known of the Muslim travelers and qadi in the maldives and advisor to the sultan of the delhi

Ibn Battuta

A Nestorian Christian priest

Rabban Sauma

1247-1328 Franciscan missionary who traveled to China in 1291 in order to win converts to Christianity

John of Montecorvino

Islamic mystics who place more emphasis on emotion and devotion rather than strict adherence to the rules

Sufi Missionaries

14th century epidemic erupted that ravanged societies throughout most of Asia, Europe, and North Africa

Bubonic plague

Period beginning in about 1300 when the global temperatures declines for about 500 years

Little Ice Age

1368-1644 Chinese dynasty founded by Hongwu and Known for its cultural brilliance

Ming Dynasty

1328-1398 personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, reined 1368-1398

Hongwu Emperor

A vast encyclopedia that compiled all significant works of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature

Yongle Encyclopedia

1371-1433 Chinese mariner, explorer, and admiral during the early Ming dynasty who traveled as far as Malindi in East Africa

Zheng He

“rebirth” refers to a period of artistic and intellectual creativity and reflected continuing development of a sophisticated urban society 14th-16th century (mostly W Europe)

Renaissance

The study of humanities - literature, history, and moral philosophy - by scholars and literary figures

Humanism

1337-1453 series of intermittent wars between France and England over the control of modern France

Hundred Years War

CHAPTER 10

Portuguese - promoted voyage to West Africa, discovered profitable trade routes, gained knowledge of Muslim power, gained converts to Christianity and alliance against Muslims

Prince Henry the Navigator

1488 Portuguese explorer, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian ocean - new sea route to Indian ocean basin

Bartolomeu Dias

1497 departed Lisban for India and made a difficult journey, encouraged new trade route

Vasco de Gama

1451-1506 Italian explorer and navigator who made 4 transatlantic voyages to the islands of the Americas, which in turn opened the way for European colonization of the Americas

Christopher Colombus

1480-1521 Portuguese explorer famous for organizing the first circumnavigation of the globe, by ship, from 1512-1522

Ferdinand Magellan

1728-1779 British explorer, navigator, and cartogropher who served served in the British royal navy, famous for his expeditions to the Pacific ocean in the 18th century

James Cook

Global diffusion (plants, food, animals, human populations, diseases) - took place after voyages of exploration by Columbus and other European mariners

Columbian exchange

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state in India, possessed its own armed forces

VOC (Dutch East India Company)

City in modern Phillippines and formerly capital of the Spanish colony of the Phillippines founded in 1565

Manila Galleons

early forerunner of the modern corporation, individuals who invested in a trading/exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk

Joint-stock companies

The most virulent disease brought over through the Columbian exchange

Smallpox

16-19th centuries forced movement of around 12.5 million Africans from Africa to the Americas

Transatlantic slave trade

1756-1763 Global conflict in that it took place in several distinct global theaters (Europe, India, Caribbean, and North Africa)

Seven Years War

1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between them

Treaty of Tordesillas

Maritime empire established from the late 15th century, characterized by a network of fortified trading posts and coastal forts rather than large territorial control

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

CHAPTER 11

1483-1546 German monk and catholic priest who became a critical figure in what became known as the protestant reformation after challenging the corruption of the church in his Ninety-five thesis.

Martin Luther

16th century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church.

Protestant Reformation

list of propositions for academic debate by Martin Luther in 1517 that criticized the Catholic churchs practice of selling indulgences and challenging its authority

Ninety-Five Thesis

French lawyer 1509-1564 initiated reformation in France and French speaking parts of Switzerland

John Calvin

God had already determined which individuals would be saved from damnation before they were born - predestined for salvation

Predestination

Political and religious reasons. 1560 King Henry Vlll successors replaced Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals.

English Reformation

English king reigned 1509-1547, conflict with Pope made himself supreme head of the Angelican church.

Henry Vlll

1545-1563 Assembly of high Roman Catholic church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve preparation of priests

Council of Trent

Founder St. Igantius Loyola, 1540 with a small band of disciples founded the society.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1618-1648, religious wars culminated in a massive continental conflict.

Thirty Years War

System of independent, competing, and almost all European states drafted it. Terms regarded one another as sovereign and equal 1648

Peace of Westphalia

Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of Kingship: the French King Louis XlV was the classic example.

Absolutism

1688-1689 The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James ll by his protestant daughter Mary ll and her Dutch husband William of Orange

Glorious Revolution

King/queen in the head of state, powers are limited by constitution, with laws made and enforced by an elected legislature or parliament.

Constitutional Monarchy

CHAPTER 12

A Caribbean tribe who were the first Indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus

Taino (Arawaks)

System that gave the Spanish settlers the right to compel the Indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines/fields

Encomienda system

1519 led 450 soldiers to Mexico and made his way from Veracruz on the gulf coast to the island city of Tenochtitlan

Hernán Cortes

Indigenous woman who served as a pivotal translator and advisor to the spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés during the Mexico conquest in early 16th century.

Doña Marina (La Malinche)

Powerful Mesoamerican civilization flourished in central Mexico 14-16th centuries.

Aztec Empire

1478-1541 Spanish conquistador whose military expeditions led to the fall of the Inca empire

Francisco Pizarro

largest empire in pre-columbian America, centered in the Andes region from 15-16th when Spanish conquered them

Inca Empire

Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor. Required citizens to work on projects like mines and roads in exchange for state protection/support.

Mita system

The king of Spains representative in the Americas

Spanish courts in Latin America

Viceroy and Audiencias

Latin American officials from Spain and Portugal

Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish/Portuguese ancestry

Peninsulares and Criollos

Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage

Mestizo

City in the central highlands of modern-day Bolivia that became the worlds largest silver-producing area after silver was discovered in 1545

Potosí

Brazilian sugar mill the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar

Engenho (Sugar Mill)

lucrative trade from North America - hides mostly went to Europe, extensive demand from capitalist markets

Fur trade

CHAPTER 13

15th century emerged to take Malis place as the dominant power of the Western grasslands

Songhay Empire

15th ruler of the Songhay dynasty who transformed the relatively small state into an empire conquering Timbuktu, Massina, Djenne, and the inner Niger Delta

Sunni Ali

Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500. Although their kings, such as king Afonso l, converted to Christianity they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade

Kingdom of Kongo

1456-1543 ruler of the Kongo in the first half of the 16th century, who became the first vassal king to Portugal

King Afonso (Nzinga Mbemba)

1583-1663 17th century queen of Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms of modern day Angola

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo

large sub-saharan African kingdom in the 16th century

Great Zimbabwe

sub-sharan African people whom beginning in the 17th century, waged a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam

Fulani

1684-1706 Kongo prophet and religious leader who founded her own Christian movement. Antonianism taught that Jesus was from the Kongo.

Dona Beatriz (Antonian Movement)

Most important American crop - high yield and it thrived in tropical soils not well suited to cultivation of the other crops

Manioc

15-19th century millions of Africans enslaved and sent to the Americas to work on European owned agricultural plantations

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American products bound for Europe

Triangular trade

The trans-atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships

Middle Passage

Runaway slave societies gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy regions and built their own self governing communities

Maroon societies

1745-1797 writer and abolitionist from the kingdom of Benin who was sold into slavery but purchased his freedom in 1766

Olaudah Equiano

CHAPTER 15

Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453-1918 and reached peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent 1520-1566

Ottoman Empire

captured Constantinople, reigned 1451-1481, opened new chapter in Ottoman expansion

Mehmed ll

Ottoman Turkish ruler 1520-1566 who was the most powerful and wealthy ruler of the 16th century

Suleyman the Magnificent

Highly respected elite infantry units of the Ottoman empire, who formed the first modern standing army in Europe.

Janissaries

Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan

Devshirme

Later Persian empire 1501-1722 was founded by Shah Ismail and that became the center for Shiism. The empire reached its peak under Shah Abbas the great and was centered on the capital of Ishfahan

Safavid Empire

meaning “red heads” Turkish tribes that were important allies of Shah Ismail in the formation of the Safavid Empire

Qizilbash

1571-1629 5th Safavid Shah of Iran who is generally considered the strongest of the Safavid rulers

Shah Abbas the Great

Powerful Islamic empire that ruled most of the Indian subcontinent form its founding (1526 by Babur) until mid-19th century

Mughal Empire

1542-1605 3rd Mughal emperor who ruled and was known for his religious tolerance

Akbar

1618-1707 6th Mughal emperor who ruled for 49 years over all of the Indian subcontinent

Aurangzeb

Tax in Islamic empires imposed on non-muslims

Jizya

famous Mughal monument. Shah Jahan had 20000 workers over 18 years. Exquisite white marble mosque and tomb

Taj Mahal

CHAPTER 14

Chinese dynasty 1368-1644 founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance

Ming Dynasty

1328-1398 personal name Zhu Yuanhang, was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty - reigned 1368-1398

Hongwu

Chinese Ming emperor 1403-1424 pushed for foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements

Yongle

Imperial officials who traveled throughout the land and oversaw implementation of government policies

Mandarins

Castrated males, originally in charge of the Harem, who grew to play major roles in government. Were common in China and other societies

Eunuchs

Fortification along Chinas North border - Ming dynasty project 15-16th century

Great wall of China

Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty 1644-1911

Manchus

Chinese dynasty 1644-1911 that reached peak during reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong

Qing Dynasty

1654-1722 4th emperor of Chinas Qing dynasty, whose 61 year rule was the longest in Chinese history

Kangxi