final apes

Specialists

advantage in habitats that remain constant

Generalists

advantage in habitats that are changing

K-selected species

large, few offspring, high parental care, long life spans

r-selected species

small, many offspring, minimal or no parental care, short life spans

Biotic potential

maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions

Most invasive species are this type

r-selected, generalists

Survivorship curve

graph that shows relative survival rates of a group of individuals of the same age

Type I survivorship

Low infant mortality, most individual die in old age. Typical of K-selected species.

Type II survivorship

Equal risk of death through the life span

Type III survivorship

High infant mortality, but those that survive live a long time. Typical of r-strategists.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

overshoot

occurs when carrying capacity is exceeded. leads to resource depletion, causing famine, disease and/or conflict, and dieback of the population.

Things that limit population growth

available resources and space

Type of growth when resources are abundant

exponential growth

Type of growth when resources are limited

logistic growth

age structure diagram showing rapid growth

age structure diagram showing slow growth

age structure diagram showing negative growth

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

replacement fertility rate

the rate at which children must be born to replace those dying in the population (about 2.1 children per woman)

Factors affecting infant mortality

Prenatal and child healthcare, access to good nutrition

infant mortality

number of babies who die in their first year per 1000 live births

Factors that affect human population growth

birth rates, infant mortality rates, death rates, access to family planning, education, nutrition, and age at first marriage

Malthusian theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Density independent limiting factors

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size (major storms, fires, heat waves, droughts)

density dependent limiting factors

limiting factor that depends on population size (access to clean water and air, food availability, disease transmission, territory size)

Doubling time of a population with 2% growth per year

35 years (use Rule of 70!)

Demographic transition

Industrialization of a country, and resulting transition from high birth and death rates in the preindustrial stage, to low birth and death rates in the post-industrial stage

Characteristics of less developed countries

high infant mortality rates, high TFR, more children in the workforce, more people dying of epidemic diseases

Characteristics of more developed countries

Strong economy, low TFR, low birth and death rates, more people dying of diseases of aging (diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.)

Demographic Transition Model

Equation to determine human impact

I = P x A x T

Population density

number of organisms per unit area

Population dispersion

how individuals are arranged in space - can be uniform, random, or clumped

Growth rate of a population of 1,000 that experiences 100 births, 90 deaths, 20 immigrants and 10 emigrants in a year

2% per year

Current human population on Earth

7.8 billion

A population has CDR = 7/1000, CBR = 19/1000, and net migration of 4/1000. What is the population of this country doing?

Growing/increasing

Carrying capacity of the Earth for humans

It depends on level of consumption per person

Major factor that limits food production on Earth for humans

There is only so much arable land on Earth, and some is being lost to erosion every year

Strategies for reducing TFR

education about and access to family planning, education and employment opportunities for women, eliminate government policies that reward having more children, encourage breastfeeding

Which of the following is an abiotic component? (choose all answers that apply)

c. A rock d. Rain

Which of the following is NOT true about ecosystems

They include no human components

Impacts of fracking include: I contamination of ground water, II increased use of coal, III lower natural gas prices

e. I & III only

There are 2.47 acres in 1 ha. How many acres are in 10 ha?

Selected: b. 24.7 acres

Common global scale environmental indicators include all of the following except

a. pollution in a local stream

A person's ecological footprint is

the land needed to support all of a person's activities

The first step in the scientific process is

a. observations and questions

If a device that measures water quality measures out 415ppm, 417ppm, 416ppm, 417ppm, and 415ppm in 5 trials and the target theoretical value is 400ppm, this device is:

a. precise, but not accurate

Challenges in the study of environmental science include all of the following except

d. dangers of studying natural systems

A control group is

A group with the same conditions as the experimental group except for the independent variable

Two atoms that are isotopes of one another have the same (select all that apply)

a. atomic symbol, \# of protons, atomic number

Which of the following is the most basic?

Bleach

Which of the following is not a macromolecule?

cell organelles

Which of the following is not an organic compound?

d. NaCl

Which of the following is not a property of water that allows it to support life?

b. High viscosity

The chemical bond that forms the attraction of sodium ions and chlorine ions in table salt is called

a. an ionic bond

A car traveling down the highway represents

c. kinetic energy

Which of the following will be most likely to return to a steady state after a disturbance?

c. A system with mostly negative feedback loops

Entropy is

c. randomness in a system

The concept of energy efficiency is used to quantify

c. the second law of thermodynamics

Ecosystem boundaries are

c. depend on many subjective factors

The average efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is approximately

f. 10%

A giraffe is an example of

e. a primary consumer

Human construction of buildings and pavement affect the hydrological cycle by I. increasing runoff, II. increasing evaporation, III. increasing percolation

f. I & II only

Phosphorus

a. is a limiting nutrient in many aquatic systems

The net primary productivity of an ecosystem is

e. the energy captured after accounting for respiration

The largest carbon pool is found in

e. sedimentary rock

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that intermediate levels of disturbance will

d. increase species diversity

Which is a measure of how much a disturbance can affect the flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem?

c. Resistance

Which is not true about disturbances?

b. They occur only on short time scales

An ecosystem that rapidly returns to its original state after a disturbance is

a. Resilient

The precipitation line below the temperature line in a climate diagram (climatogram) shows

d. when plant growth will be limited by precipitation

A terrestrial biome is not defined by: I. annual precipitation, II. distrinctive animal species (fauna), III. distinctive plant species (flora)

b. II & III only

Permafrost (frozen soil) is an important factor in which of the following biomes?, I. Tundra, II. Boreal forest, III. Cold desert

c. I only

Which has an overall higher temperature? Seasonal or Tropical biomes?

d. Tropical

Most of the photosynthesis in lakes and ponds occurs in the

c. littoral zone

Aquatic biomes are categorized by which of the following? I. Dominant plant growth forms, II. Depth, III. Salinity

b. II & III only

Which biome contains the aphotic zone

b. Open ocean

Which of the following ecosystems experiences harsh conditions due to conditions from tides?

c. Intertidal zone

Which of the following is NOT an important ecosystem service provided by wetlands

b. seed dispersal

Two savanna communities both contain 15 plant species. In community A, each of the 15 species is represented by 20 individuals. In community B, 10 of the species are each represented by 12 individuals; the remaining 5 species are each represented by 3 individuals. Which statement best describes the two communities?

d. Community A has a higher species evenness

The change in the genetic composition of a population over time due to random mating is called

a. genetic drift

Which of the following processes create genetic diversity in a population? I. Mutation, II. Allele division, III. Recombination

a. I & III only

Phylogeny is

b. the branching pattern of evolutionary relationships

Which evolutionary effect results in reduced genetic variation in a community?

d. The founder effect

In a particular zoo, the population of spider monkeys has a higher proportion of individuals with light golden brown fur than spider monkeys in the wild. If the monkeys were recently captured from the wild and if fur color is largely determined by genetics, what evolutionary process is at work?

c. The founder effect

Which is the best definition of an adaptation?

c. A trait that improves an individual's fitness

Which of the following is often a cause of sympatric speciation?

a. Polyploidy

Which of the following would cause the most rapid evolution?

e. Artificial selection

The abiotic conditions under which a species can survive and reproduce is called its

b. fundamental niche

Which would be expected for a niche specialist?

a. A narrow fundamental niche

Which factors affect species richness (select all that apply)?

b. Latitude, Habitat size, d. Distance from other communities, e. Time

Which of the following is NOT typical of a keystone species

c. It is the least important species in a food chain

Resource partitioning

d. can occur through morphological differences between species

Which is true of primary succession?

c. It begins with colonization by algae, lichens, and mosses.

The process of succession in lakes without disturbance

a. results in a terrestrial ecosystem

Which is true of a population overshoot?

c. It is followed by a dieoff

An r-selected species characteristically has

d. a fast population growth rate

Which is true about a population's carrying capacity?

a. It depends on a limiting resource

The intrinsic growth rate of a population

c. only occurs under ideal conditions