chapter 3 - settling the northern colonies

What event did Martin Luther initiate in 1517?

The Protestant Reformation

What was the main idea of Martin Luther's '95 Theses'?

The Bible alone is the source of God's word, not the church or pope.

What doctrine did John Calvin emphasize?

Predestination, the belief that God has already determined who will go to Heaven or hell.

What is the significance of the 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'?

It outlined basic Christian doctrine, including the idea that only the predestined would go to Heaven.

What was the Puritans' goal regarding the Church of England?

To reform or 'purify' it.

Who were the Pilgrims and how did they differ from the Puritans?

The Pilgrims were Separatists who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England, while Puritans sought to reform it.

Why did King James I harass the Separatists?

He feared they would defy him as a political leader if they defied him as a spiritual leader.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

An agreement signed by the Pilgrims to create and abide by new rules for self-government.

What was the outcome of the Pilgrims' first winter in Plymouth?

Only 44 out of the original 102 Pilgrims survived.

What was the economic basis of Plymouth Colony?

Fur trapping, fishing, and lumber.

What was the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter used as?

A constitution for self-government.

How many Puritans migrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

About 11,000 Puritans.

Who was the long-serving governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop, elected for 19 years.

What was the franchise in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

The right to vote was given to all 'freemen,' adult men who were church members.

What was the belief about voting in the Puritan society?

It was believed that the common man was incapable of voting wisely.

Who was the most noteworthy Puritan preacher?

John Cotton.

What was the moral code in the Bible Commonwealth?

There was a strict moral code that enforced right and wrong, with severe penalties for violations.

What happened to Quakers in Massachusetts?

They faced fines, floggings, or banishment for challenging Puritan authority.

What was the significance of the first Thanksgiving?

It celebrated the Pilgrims' successful harvest after receiving help from the Massasoit Indians.

What was the fate of Plymouth Colony in 1691?

It merged with the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony.

What was the Puritan work ethic?

The belief that hard work and diligence were signs of being among the predestined.

What literary work did Michael Wigglessorth write?

'Day of Doom,' which sold one copy for every 20 people.

What was the Pilgrims' initial destination before arriving in New England?

Virginia.

What was the role of Captain Myles Standish in Plymouth Colony?

He provided leadership and security against potential threats from Indians.

What was the Puritan view on church membership?

Only 'visible saints' were allowed to be admitted to church membership.

What was the Puritan attitude towards democracy?

Governor Winthrop described it as the 'meanest and worst' form of government.

What challenges did Quakers present to Puritan authority in Massachusetts?

Quakers were fined, flogged, or banished for challenging Puritan authority.

Who was Anne Hutchinson and what was her theory?

Anne Hutchinson was an outspoken woman who challenged predestination with her theory of antinomianism, arguing that if predestination exists, a person's actions are immaterial.

What was the consequence of Anne Hutchinson's beliefs?

Hutchinson was put on trial in 1638 for heresy, claimed to have received revelations from God, and was ultimately banished to Rhode Island.

Who was Roger Williams and what did he advocate?

Roger Williams was a preacher who sought a clean break with the Church of England and questioned the legality of the Bay Colony charter and the church's control over people's lives.

What was the significance of Rhode Island?

Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams, became a refuge for those seeking independence from Massachusetts' strict religious society.

What was the Fundamental Orders and its importance?

The Fundamental Orders, drawn up in 1639 by Connecticut settlers, was America's first written constitution and later served as a model for the U.S. Constitution.

What impact did diseases have on Native American populations before the Pilgrims' arrival?

Diseases brought by whites had already killed an estimated ¾ of the Native American population before the Pilgrims arrived in 1620.

What was the Pequot War and its outcome?

The Pequot War erupted in 1637 when whites wiped out a Pequot village, leading to the near destruction of the Pequot tribe and deteriorating relations between whites and Indians.

Who was Metacom and what was his role in King Philip's War?

Metacom, known as King Philip, attempted to unite local Indian tribes against English settlers, leading to a bloody conflict known as King Philip's War.

What was the New England Confederation and its purpose?

Established in 1643, the New England Confederation consisted of four colonies and aimed to provide defense against threats, marking a step toward American unity.

What actions did Charles II take regarding the colonies after his restoration?

Charles II tightened control over the colonies, granting Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter in 1662 and revoking Massachusetts' charter in 1684.

What was the Dominion of New England and its goals?

Created in 1686, the Dominion aimed to strengthen colonial defense against Indians and regain control over American colonies by enforcing the Navigation Acts.

Who was Sir Edmund Andros and what was his role in the Dominion?

Sir Edmund Andros headed the Dominion of New England, curbing town meetings and local assemblies, and imposing taxes without representation.

What was the Glorious Revolution and its impact on the Dominion?

The Glorious Revolution in 1688 led to the downfall of Andros and the Dominion, resulting in Massachusetts gaining a new charter that allowed all male property owners to vote.

What was the Dutch East India Company and its significance?

The Dutch East India Company was established in the 1600s to trade globally and rival the British, marking the Netherlands' Golden Age.

What was the relationship between the Dutch and the British in the late 1500s?

The Netherlands, with British help, won independence from Spain in the late 1500s, setting the stage for their rise as a world power.

What was the primary reason for the establishment of Rhode Island?

Rhode Island was established as a haven for those who sought religious freedom and independence from the strict Puritan society of Massachusetts.

What was the fate of King Philip after the war?

King Philip was defeated, his village destroyed, and he was beheaded, with his head displayed on a pike in Plymouth.

What did the Puritans attempt after the Pequot War?

After the Pequot War, Puritans attempted to convert Indians to Christianity, despite their weakened position due to disease and disunity among tribes.

What was the significance of the year 1644 for Rhode Island?

In 1644, Rhode Island was officially chartered, solidifying its status as a colony that embraced religious freedom.

What was the impact of the Navigation Acts on American trade?

The Navigation Acts restricted American trade to within the British Empire, leading to widespread smuggling.

What was the relationship between the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims?

The Wampanoag, particularly Squanto, initially had friendly relations with the Pilgrims, aiding them during their early struggles.

What was the outcome of the Pequot War for the Pequot tribe?

The Pequot tribe was nearly wiped out as a result of the war, significantly altering the balance of power in New England.

What was the primary business focus of the East India Company?

The Spice Islands of Indonesia (the East Indies).

What area did the Dutch West India Company operate in?

The Caribbean (the West Indies).

Who was Henry Hudson and what did he accomplish?

An explorer who claimed the area around Delaware Bay and New York Bay for the Dutch, leading to the establishment of New Netherland.

What was the significance of the island of Manhattan in Dutch history?

It was bought from local Indians by the Dutch West India Company in exchange for trinkets.

What was New Amsterdam established as?

A company town and trading post at the mouth of the Hudson River.

What were patroonships in New Amsterdam?

Large tracts of land awarded to promoters who settled 50 people in the colony.

What was the demographic characteristic of New Amsterdam?

It attracted a mix of people and was noted for its linguistic diversity, with 18 different languages spoken.

What led to the construction of Wall Street?

A wall built across the northern edge of New Amsterdam to fend off attacks from Indians.

What happened to New Sweden?

It was taken over by the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant without bloodshed, marking its end.

What was the outcome of the British fleet's appearance at New Amsterdam in 1664?

Peter Stuyvesant surrendered, leading to the renaming of New Netherland to New York.

What cultural influences did the Dutch leave in New York?

Place names (e.g., Harlem, Brooklyn), architectural styles (gambrel roofs), and traditions (Easter eggs, Santa Claus).

Who were the Quakers and what distinguished their practices?

They were a religious group known for shaking during worship, refusing to pay taxes to the Church of England, and advocating for peace.

What was William Penn's contribution to Pennsylvania?

He was awarded land in 1681, which became Pennsylvania, and promoted fair treatment of Indians.

What was unique about Philadelphia's city planning?

It featured wide boulevards and planned streets, which was unusual for the time.

What was the Quakers' stance on slavery?

They were the first group to formally oppose slavery.

What characterized the Middle Colonies?

They included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, known for fertile soil and a mixed economy.

What was the demographic and economic profile of the Middle Colonies?

They were ethnically mixed, had midsize landholdings, and combined agriculture with early industry and trade.

What was the significance of Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia?

He became a symbol of the American rags-to-riches story and contributed to the city's development.

What was the trend in labor in the late 1600s in the colonies?

A shift from indentured servant labor to black slave labor as a more economically sound choice.

How did the Puritans differ from other groups settling in New England?

They arrived as family units and established communities with distinct local flavors.

What was the impact of the enclosure movement in England?

It forced many people out of their homes, contributing to the rise of indentured servitude in the colonies.